Permian–Triassic mass extinction
E53623
The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth's history, wiping out the majority of marine and terrestrial species around 252 million years ago and marking the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
All labels observed (7)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Permian–Triassic mass extinction canonical | 5 |
| Permian–Triassic extinction event | 4 |
| Permian–Triassic boundary | 3 |
| end-Permian mass extinction | 2 |
| Permian–Triassic mass extinction event | 1 |
| P–Tr extinction | 1 |
| end-Permian extinction | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T425041 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Permian–Triassic mass extinction Context triple: [Mesozoic Era, precededByEvent, Permian–Triassic mass extinction]
-
A.
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary marks the geological transition 66 million years ago associated with a mass extinction event that wiped out non-avian dinosaurs and many other species, likely triggered by a large asteroid impact.
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B.
Jurassic Period
The Jurassic Period was a major division of the Mesozoic Era characterized by warm climates, the dominance and diversification of dinosaurs, and the early evolution of birds.
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C.
Triassic
The Triassic was the first period of the Mesozoic Era, marked by the initial diversification of dinosaurs and the recovery of life following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction.
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D.
Ediacaran biota
The Ediacaran biota comprises some of the earliest known complex multicellular organisms, featuring soft-bodied, enigmatic life forms that lived in the oceans before the Cambrian explosion.
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E.
Chicxulub impact crater
The Chicxulub impact crater is a massive buried structure in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula formed by an asteroid impact widely linked to the mass extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Permian–Triassic mass extinction Target entity description: The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth's history, wiping out the majority of marine and terrestrial species around 252 million years ago and marking the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
-
A.
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary marks the geological transition 66 million years ago associated with a mass extinction event that wiped out non-avian dinosaurs and many other species, likely triggered by a large asteroid impact.
-
B.
Jurassic Period
The Jurassic Period was a major division of the Mesozoic Era characterized by warm climates, the dominance and diversification of dinosaurs, and the early evolution of birds.
-
C.
Triassic
The Triassic was the first period of the Mesozoic Era, marked by the initial diversification of dinosaurs and the recovery of life following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction.
-
D.
Ediacaran biota
The Ediacaran biota comprises some of the earliest known complex multicellular organisms, featuring soft-bodied, enigmatic life forms that lived in the oceans before the Cambrian explosion.
-
E.
Chicxulub impact crater
The Chicxulub impact crater is a massive buried structure in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula formed by an asteroid impact widely linked to the mass extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (62)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
mass extinction event
ⓘ
paleontological event ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
Great Dying
ⓘ
Permian–Triassic mass extinction ⓘ
surface form:
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic mass extinction ⓘ
surface form:
P–Tr extinction
|
| associatedWith |
carbon cycle disruption
ⓘ
collapse of marine ecosystems ⓘ collapse of terrestrial ecosystems ⓘ extreme greenhouse warming ⓘ global euxinia ⓘ global warming of more than 5–10 °C ⓘ massive flood basalt eruptions ⓘ ocean acidification ⓘ ocean anoxia ⓘ rapid CO₂ increase ⓘ severe climate change ⓘ strong negative carbon isotope excursion ⓘ |
| durationEstimate | on the order of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ⓘ |
| ecologicalConsequence |
long recovery time for biodiversity
ⓘ
reset of marine trophic structures ⓘ |
| estimatedRecoveryTime | 5–10 million years for many ecosystems ⓘ |
| followedBy | Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction ⓘ |
| generaLoss | about 80–90% of marine genera extinct ⓘ |
| geochemicalEvidence |
evidence for widespread anoxia in sedimentary rocks
ⓘ
large negative δ13C excursion ⓘ |
| geochronologyMethod | U–Pb zircon dating of volcanic ash beds ⓘ |
| invertebrateFamilyLoss | about 57% of marine invertebrate families extinct ⓘ |
| isBoundaryLevel |
Permian–Triassic mass extinction
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Permian–Triassic boundary
|
| keyStudyRegion | Meishan section, South China ⓘ |
| majorVictimGroup |
many brachiopod groups
ⓘ
many fusulinid foraminifera ⓘ many insect orders ⓘ many synapsid (therapsid) lineages ⓘ rugose corals (extinct) ⓘ tabulate corals (extinct) ⓘ trilobites (completely extinct) ⓘ |
| marineSpeciesLoss | about 80–96% of marine species extinct ⓘ |
| marksBoundaryBetween |
Mesozoic Era
ⓘ
surface form:
Mesozoic era
Paleozoic Era ⓘ
surface form:
Paleozoic era
Permian Period ⓘ
surface form:
Permian period
Triassic ⓘ
surface form:
Triassic period
|
| paleontologicalEvidence |
abrupt faunal turnover in fossil record
ⓘ
global extinction horizon in marine strata ⓘ |
| plantImpact | major turnover in terrestrial floras ⓘ |
| possibleContributingCause |
continental aridification
ⓘ
impact event (hypothesized, not widely accepted) ⓘ methane release from seafloor or permafrost ⓘ ocean stratification ⓘ ozone layer depletion ⓘ sea-level changes ⓘ wildfires ⓘ |
| precededBy | Capitanian (Guadalupian) mass extinction ⓘ |
| primarySuspectedCause | Siberian Traps large igneous province volcanism ⓘ |
| recognizedAs | one of the “Big Five” Phanerozoic mass extinctions ⓘ |
| relativeSeverity | most severe mass extinction in Earth history ⓘ |
| survivorGroup |
ammonoids (severely reduced but later radiated)
ⓘ
archosaur lineages ⓘ bivalves ⓘ early ancestors of mammals ⓘ gastropods ⓘ |
| terrestrialVertebrateSpeciesLoss | about 70% or more of terrestrial vertebrate species extinct ⓘ |
| timePeriod | around 252 million years ago ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Permian–Triassic mass extinction Description of subject: The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth's history, wiping out the majority of marine and terrestrial species around 252 million years ago and marking the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
Referenced by (17)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic extinction event
this entity surface form:
P–Tr extinction
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic mass extinction
→
isBoundaryLevel
→
Permian–Triassic mass extinction
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic boundary
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic extinction event
subject surface form:
Meishan section
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic boundary
this entity surface form:
end-Permian mass extinction
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic extinction event
this entity surface form:
end-Permian extinction
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic boundary
Siberian Traps large igneous province volcanism
→
isContemporaneousWith
→
Permian–Triassic mass extinction
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
end-Permian mass extinction
this entity surface form:
Permian–Triassic mass extinction event