Treaty 9

E483940

Historic agreement Numbered Treaty

Treaty 9 is a historic agreement signed in 1905–1906 between the Canadian government and several First Nations in northern Ontario, establishing terms for land cession, resource use, and ongoing treaty rights.

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All labels observed (6)

Label	Occurrences
Treaty 9 canonical	19
James Bay Treaty (Treaty 9)	2
Treaty 9 (James Bay Treaty)	2
Adhesions to Treaty 9	1
Numbered Treaty 9	1
Treaty 9 First Nations	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T4761564 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Treaty 9
Context triple: [Numbered Treaties, hasPart, Treaty 9]

A. Treaty 8
Treaty 8 is a historic agreement signed in 1899 between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations in northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, northwestern Saskatchewan, and the southern Northwest Territories, outlining land cession, rights, and obligations.
B. Treaty 6
Treaty 6 is a historic agreement signed in 1876 between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations in what is now central Alberta and Saskatchewan, forming part of Canada’s broader Numbered Treaties framework.
C. Treaty 3
Treaty 3 is a historic agreement signed in 1873 between the Canadian Crown and the Ojibwe (Saulteaux) peoples, covering lands in what are now northwestern Ontario and eastern Manitoba as part of Canada’s Numbered Treaties.
D. Treaty 7
Treaty 7 is an 1877 agreement between several First Nations of what is now southern Alberta and the Canadian government that ceded Indigenous lands in exchange for reserves, annuities, and other promises.
E. Treaty 5
Treaty 5 is one of the historic Numbered Treaties between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations, primarily covering parts of present-day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ontario.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Treaty 9
Target entity description: Treaty 9 is a historic agreement signed in 1905–1906 between the Canadian government and several First Nations in northern Ontario, establishing terms for land cession, resource use, and ongoing treaty rights.

A. Treaty 8
Treaty 8 is a historic agreement signed in 1899 between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations in northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, northwestern Saskatchewan, and the southern Northwest Territories, outlining land cession, rights, and obligations.
B. Treaty 6
Treaty 6 is a historic agreement signed in 1876 between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations in what is now central Alberta and Saskatchewan, forming part of Canada’s broader Numbered Treaties framework.
C. Treaty 3
Treaty 3 is a historic agreement signed in 1873 between the Canadian Crown and the Ojibwe (Saulteaux) peoples, covering lands in what are now northwestern Ontario and eastern Manitoba as part of Canada’s Numbered Treaties.
D. Treaty 7
Treaty 7 is an 1877 agreement between several First Nations of what is now southern Alberta and the Canadian government that ceded Indigenous lands in exchange for reserves, annuities, and other promises.
E. Treaty 5
Treaty 5 is one of the historic Numbered Treaties between the Canadian Crown and various First Nations, primarily covering parts of present-day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ontario.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (49)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	Historic agreement ⓘ Numbered Treaty ⓘ
adhesionSigningPeriod	1908 ⓘ 1929 ⓘ 1930 ⓘ
administeredBy	Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada ⓘ Indigenous Services Canada ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	James Bay Treaty ⓘ
appliesToRegion	Hudson Bay watershed in Ontario ⓘ linked to: Hudson Bay drainage basin James Bay watershed ⓘ linked to: James Bay drainage basin Northern Ontario ⓘ
containsProvision	guarantee of continued traditional livelihood ⓘ surrender of title to vast tracts of land ⓘ
country	Canada ⓘ
dateOfRoyalAssent	1906 ⓘ
hasAnnex	Adhesions to Treaty 9 ⓘ linked to: Treaty 9
hasEffectOn	Aboriginal and treaty rights in Ontario ⓘ
hasOngoingIssue	claims regarding resource revenue sharing ⓘ disputes over interpretation of oral versus written terms ⓘ
jurisdiction	Ontario ⓘ
language	English ⓘ French ⓘ
languageOfNegotiation	Cree (oral explanations) ⓘ
legalSubject	fishing rights ⓘ hunting rights ⓘ land cession ⓘ resource use ⓘ trapping rights ⓘ treaty rights ⓘ
negotiatedBy	Ontario provincial representatives ⓘ federal treaty commissioners ⓘ
numberInSeries	9 ⓘ
partOf	Numbered Treaties of Canada ⓘ linked to: Numbered Treaties
providesFor	annuities to First Nations signatories ⓘ continued harvesting rights ⓘ education provisions ⓘ reserve lands ⓘ
purpose	to obtain Indigenous consent to Crown sovereignty over northern Ontario lands ⓘ to open northern Ontario to settlement and resource development ⓘ
recognizedBy	Constitution Act, 1982 section 35 ⓘ linked to: Constitution Act, 1982
signatory	Cree First Nations ⓘ Government of Canada ⓘ linked to: Canadian federal government (Ottawa) Oji-Cree First Nations ⓘ linked to: Cree First Nations Ojibwe First Nations ⓘ linked to: Chippewa Nation Province of Ontario ⓘ linked to: Ontario
signingEndDate	1906-07-20 ⓘ
signingStartDate	1905-07-12 ⓘ
subjectOf	Treaty 9 (Ontario) court cases ⓘ historical research on oral promises ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (26)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Numbered Treaties → hasPart → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Nishnawbe Aski Nation communities → hasLegalFramework → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Swampy Cree → treatyAffiliation → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Attawapiskat First Nation → treaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Fort Albany First Nation → isPartOfTreaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Moose Cree → treatyAffiliation → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Treaty 8 → precedes → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Treaty 9 → hasAnnex → Adhesions to Treaty 9 ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

Treaty 10 → follows → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Nishnawbe Aski Nation → represents → Treaty 9 First Nations ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

Nishnawbe Aski Nation → follows → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Cat Lake First Nation → isSignatoryTo → James Bay Treaty (Treaty 9) ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

Mushkegowuk Cree → treatyAffiliation → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Kingfisher Lake First Nation → treaty → James Bay Treaty (Treaty 9) ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

Kasabonika Lake First Nation → treaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Wunnumin Lake First Nation → treaty → Treaty 9 (James Bay Treaty) ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

Bearskin Lake First Nation → partOf → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Fort Severn First Nation → governedUnderTreaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Big Trout Lake First Nation → treaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Mishkeegogamang First Nation → isPartOfTreaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Moose Cree First Nation → treaty → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Moose Cree First Nation → isSignatoryOf → Treaty 9 ⓘ

James Bay Treaty → alsoKnownAs → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Treaty 9 area → partOf → Treaty 9 ⓘ

Treaty 9 area → legalBasis → Numbered Treaty 9 ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

First Nations in Ontario → hasHistoricalTreaty → Treaty 9 (James Bay Treaty) ⓘ

linked to: Treaty 9

All labels observed (6)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (49)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (26)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited