Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
E108704
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that held individuals are protected from retaliation when they complain about sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education canonical | 1 |
| Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005) | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T913285 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education Context triple: [Title IX, notableCase, Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education]
-
A.
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County was a landmark civil rights case challenging racial segregation in Virginia’s public schools that became one of the five cases consolidated into the U.S. Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision.
-
B.
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine.
-
C.
Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was the school district authority that served as a central defendant in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court desegregation cases following Brown v. Board of Education.
-
D.
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education was an 1899 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation in public education by allowing a Georgia county to close a Black high school while maintaining white schools, reinforcing the “separate but equal” doctrine later challenged in Brown v. Board of Education.
-
E.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education Target entity description: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that held individuals are protected from retaliation when they complain about sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.
-
A.
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County was a landmark civil rights case challenging racial segregation in Virginia’s public schools that became one of the five cases consolidated into the U.S. Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision.
-
B.
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine.
-
C.
Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was the school district authority that served as a central defendant in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court desegregation cases following Brown v. Board of Education.
-
D.
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education was an 1899 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation in public education by allowing a Georgia county to close a Black high school while maintaining white schools, reinforcing the “separate but equal” doctrine later challenged in Brown v. Board of Education.
-
E.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Title IX case
ⓘ
United States Supreme Court case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
anti-discrimination law
ⓘ
civil rights law ⓘ education law ⓘ |
| arguedDate | 2004-11-30 ⓘ |
| citation | 544 U.S. 167 ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decision | judgment of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals was reversed ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 2005-03-29 ⓘ |
| dissentingJustices |
Anthony M. Kennedy
ⓘ
Antonin Scalia ⓘ Clarence Thomas ⓘ William H. Rehnquist ⓘ |
| docketNumber | 02-1672 ⓘ |
| factualBackground |
After his complaints, Jackson was removed from his coaching position
ⓘ
Jackson complained that the girls’ basketball team received unequal resources compared to the boys’ team ⓘ Roderick Jackson was a high school girls’ basketball coach in Birmingham, Alabama ⓘ |
| fullName |
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005)
|
| holding |
Retaliation against a person because they complain of sex discrimination is a form of intentional sex discrimination under Title IX
ⓘ
Title IX’s private right of action encompasses claims of retaliation against individuals who complain about sex discrimination ⓘ |
| impact |
clarified that whistleblowers in educational settings are protected under Title IX
ⓘ
expanded protections for individuals who report sex discrimination in federally funded education programs ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal question jurisdiction ⓘ |
| landmarkStatus | recognized as a landmark case on retaliation under Title IX ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
private right of action for retaliation
ⓘ
retaliation under Title IX ⓘ sex discrimination in education ⓘ |
| majorityJustices |
David H. Souter
ⓘ
John Paul Stevens ⓘ Ruth Bader Ginsburg ⓘ Sandra Day O’Connor ⓘ Stephen G. Breyer ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy |
Sandra Day O’Connor
ⓘ
surface form:
Justice Sandra Day O’Connor
|
| petitioner | Roderick Jackson ⓘ |
| precedentStatus | binding precedent on federal courts interpreting Title IX ⓘ |
| proceduralHistory |
Lower courts dismissed Jackson’s Title IX retaliation claim
ⓘ
Title IX ⓘ
surface form:
The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve whether Title IX covers retaliation claims
|
| programsCovered | educational programs receiving federal financial assistance ⓘ |
| protectedActivity | complaining about unequal treatment of girls’ athletic programs ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
Title IX enforcement
ⓘ
private right of action ⓘ retaliation ⓘ sex discrimination ⓘ |
| remedyType | damages and injunctive relief under Title IX ⓘ |
| respondent | Birmingham Board of Education ⓘ |
| statuteInterpreted |
Title IX
ⓘ
surface form:
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
|
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education Description of subject: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that held individuals are protected from retaliation when they complain about sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
→
fullName
→
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
this entity surface form:
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005)