Battle of Marathon
E77687
The Battle of Marathon was a pivotal 490 BCE clash in the Greco-Persian Wars where outnumbered Greek forces halted a major Persian invasion, becoming a symbol of Athenian courage and military skill.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Battle of Marathon canonical | 28 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T606961 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Marathon Context triple: [Athenian army, foughtIn, Battle of Marathon]
-
A.
Battle of Chaeronea
The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) was a decisive clash in which Philip II of Macedon, aided by his son Alexander the Great, defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, paving the way for Macedonian dominance over Greece.
-
B.
Battle of Mycale
The Battle of Mycale was a decisive 479 BC engagement during the Greco-Persian Wars in which a coalition of Greek city-states defeated the Persian fleet and army on the coast of Asia Minor, helping end Persian naval dominance in the region.
-
C.
Battle of Issus
The Battle of Issus was a decisive 333 BC clash in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian king Darius III, cementing Macedonian dominance in Asia Minor and showcasing Alexander’s tactical brilliance.
-
D.
Battle of Salamis
The Battle of Salamis was a decisive naval engagement in 480 BCE during the Greco-Persian Wars, where the outnumbered Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy and halted Persia’s advance into mainland Greece.
-
E.
Battle of Heraclea
The Battle of Heraclea was a major 280 BC clash in southern Italy where King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans in one of the earliest and most famous engagements of the Pyrrhic War.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Marathon Target entity description: The Battle of Marathon was a pivotal 490 BCE clash in the Greco-Persian Wars where outnumbered Greek forces halted a major Persian invasion, becoming a symbol of Athenian courage and military skill.
-
A.
Battle of Chaeronea
The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) was a decisive clash in which Philip II of Macedon, aided by his son Alexander the Great, defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, paving the way for Macedonian dominance over Greece.
-
B.
Battle of Mycale
The Battle of Mycale was a decisive 479 BC engagement during the Greco-Persian Wars in which a coalition of Greek city-states defeated the Persian fleet and army on the coast of Asia Minor, helping end Persian naval dominance in the region.
-
C.
Battle of Issus
The Battle of Issus was a decisive 333 BC clash in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian king Darius III, cementing Macedonian dominance in Asia Minor and showcasing Alexander’s tactical brilliance.
-
D.
Battle of Salamis
The Battle of Salamis was a decisive naval engagement in 480 BCE during the Greco-Persian Wars, where the outnumbered Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy and halted Persia’s advance into mainland Greece.
-
E.
Battle of Heraclea
The Battle of Heraclea was a major 280 BC clash in southern Italy where King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans in one of the earliest and most famous engagements of the Pyrrhic War.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
battle
ⓘ
military conflict ⓘ |
| aftermath |
Marathon tumulus
ⓘ
surface form:
Athens built the Marathon Tumulus for the fallen
Persian forces withdrew from Attica ⓘ |
| alliedState | Plataea ⓘ |
| associatedWith |
Athenian civic identity
ⓘ
Athenian democracy ⓘ |
| belligerent |
Achaemenid Empire
ⓘ
surface form:
Achaemenid Persian Empire
Athenian city-state ⓘ Plataean city-state ⓘ |
| campaignObjectiveGreek | defense of Attica ⓘ |
| campaignObjectivePersian | subjugation of Athens ⓘ |
| combatantStrengthGreek | approximately 10,000–11,000 hoplites ⓘ |
| combatantStrengthPersian | significantly larger Persian force ⓘ |
| commander |
Artaphernes
ⓘ
surface form:
Artaphernes (Persian general)
Callimachus of Aphidnae ⓘ Datis ⓘ Miltiades the Younger ⓘ |
| commemoratedBy |
Marathon tumulus
ⓘ
surface form:
Marathon tumulus (Soros) for Athenian dead
inscriptions and monuments in Athens ⓘ |
| conflict |
Greco-Persian Wars
ⓘ
surface form:
First Persian invasion of Greece
|
| date | 490 BCE ⓘ |
| GreekCasualties |
around 11 Plataeans killed
ⓘ
around 192 Athenians killed ⓘ |
| historicalSource | Herodotus ⓘ |
| legacy |
enduring symbol in Western military history
ⓘ
inspiration for later Greek resistance to Persia ⓘ |
| location |
Greek Antiquity
ⓘ
surface form:
Ancient Greece
Attica ⓘ Marathon ⓘ |
| opponentEmpire |
Achaemenid Empire
ⓘ
surface form:
Achaemenid Empire of Darius I
|
| partOf | Greco-Persian Wars ⓘ |
| patronState | Athens ⓘ |
| PersianCasualties | several thousand Persians killed ⓘ |
| relatedEvent |
Battle of Plataea
ⓘ
Battle of Salamis ⓘ Battle of Thermopylae ⓘ |
| result |
Persian invasion of Attica repelled
ⓘ
decisive Greek victory ⓘ |
| rulerOfPersianEmpireAtTime | Darius I of Persia ⓘ |
| strategicSignificance |
boosted Athenian prestige in the Greek world
ⓘ
demonstrated effectiveness of hoplite phalanx against Persian forces ⓘ halted first major Persian attempt to conquer mainland Greece ⓘ |
| symbolism |
symbol of Athenian courage
ⓘ
symbol of Greek resistance to Persia ⓘ |
| tacticalFeature |
Greek double-envelopment maneuver
ⓘ
use of hoplite phalanx ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Battle of Marathon Description of subject: The Battle of Marathon was a pivotal 490 BCE clash in the Greco-Persian Wars where outnumbered Greek forces halted a major Persian invasion, becoming a symbol of Athenian courage and military skill.
Referenced by (28)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Histories
subject surface form:
Pan