Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
E596576
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada was a 1938 U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged racial segregation in higher education and laid important groundwork for the later decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada canonical | 2 |
| State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T6472485 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada Context triple: [Charles Hamilton Houston, workedOn, Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada]
-
A.
Epperson v. Arkansas
Epperson v. Arkansas is a 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down an Arkansas law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools, marking a major victory for the separation of church and state in education.
-
B.
Sweatt v. Painter
Sweatt v. Painter was a landmark 1950 U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged racial segregation in higher education and helped lay the groundwork for Brown v. Board of Education.
-
C.
Stone v. Mississippi
Stone v. Mississippi is an 1880 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a state cannot irrevocably surrender its police power, allowing Mississippi to prohibit a previously chartered lottery despite contractual claims.
-
D.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
E.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Yick Wo v. Hopkins is an 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racially discriminatory enforcement of a facially neutral law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada Target entity description: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada was a 1938 U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged racial segregation in higher education and laid important groundwork for the later decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
-
A.
Epperson v. Arkansas
Epperson v. Arkansas is a 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down an Arkansas law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools, marking a major victory for the separation of church and state in education.
-
B.
Sweatt v. Painter
Sweatt v. Painter was a landmark 1950 U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged racial segregation in higher education and helped lay the groundwork for Brown v. Board of Education.
-
C.
Stone v. Mississippi
Stone v. Mississippi is an 1880 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a state cannot irrevocably surrender its police power, allowing Mississippi to prohibit a previously chartered lottery despite contractual claims.
-
D.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
E.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Yick Wo v. Hopkins is an 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racially discriminatory enforcement of a facially neutral law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
civil rights case ⓘ education law case ⓘ racial segregation case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights law
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ education law ⓘ |
| citation | 305 U.S. 337 ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvisionInterpreted |
Equal Protection Clause
ⓘ
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ
linked to:
Fourteenth Amendment
|
| decisionDate | 1938-12-12 ⓘ |
| dissentingJustices |
George Sutherland
ⓘ
James C. McReynolds ⓘ
linked to:
Justice James C. McReynolds
Pierce Butler ⓘ |
| educationLevel | graduate and professional education ⓘ |
| fullCaseName |
State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
ⓘ
linked to:
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
|
| hasJurisdiction | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| holding |
A state that provides a legal education for white students must provide substantially equal legal education within the state for Black students
ⓘ
Missouri could not satisfy its constitutional obligation by paying to send Black students to law schools in other states ⓘ Missouri was required to provide in-state legal education to Black residents if it provided such education to white residents ⓘ |
| impact |
laid groundwork for later desegregation decisions in education
ⓘ
limited the ability of states to avoid integrating higher education by sending Black students out of state ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
ⓘ
linked to:
Equal Protection Clause
racial segregation in higher education ⓘ |
| litigationStrategyContext | part of NAACP Legal Defense Fund strategy to challenge segregation in graduate and professional schools ⓘ |
| majorityJustices |
Benjamin Cardozo
ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo
Charles Evans Hughes ⓘ Harlan F. Stone ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Harlan F. Stone
Hugo Black ⓘ
linked to:
Hugo L. Black
Louis Brandeis ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Louis D. Brandeis
Owen J. Roberts ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Owen J. Roberts
|
| majorityOpinionBy | Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes ⓘ |
| originatingState | Missouri ⓘ |
| partyRaceIssue | denial of admission to a Black applicant to a state law school ⓘ |
| petitioner | Lloyd L. Gaines ⓘ |
| precedentialStatus | binding precedent on state provision of equal higher education opportunities ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Brown v. Board of Education
ⓘ
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ⓘ Plessy v. Ferguson ⓘ
linked to:
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Sweatt v. Painter ⓘ |
| relatedDoctrine | separate but equal ⓘ |
| relatedOrganization | NAACP ⓘ |
| respondent | S. W. Canada ⓘ |
| respondentRole | Registrar of the University of Missouri Law School ⓘ |
| result | Missouri was required to admit Lloyd Gaines to the University of Missouri Law School or create an equal in-state law school for Black students ⓘ |
| significance | first major Supreme Court victory for the NAACP in higher education segregation litigation ⓘ |
| stateActionChallenged | Missouri policy of providing scholarships for Black students to attend out-of-state law schools instead of admitting them to the University of Missouri ⓘ |
| subjectMatter | admission to state-supported law school ⓘ |
| timePeriod |
Jim Crow era
ⓘ
linked to:
Jim Crow laws
|
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada Description of subject: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada was a 1938 U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged racial segregation in higher education and laid important groundwork for the later decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada