Fourteenth Amendment

E2552

United States constitutional law constitutional amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment is a key post–Civil War addition to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, forming the foundation of many modern civil rights protections.

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All labels observed (22)

Label	Occurrences
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	196
Fourteenth Amendment canonical	26
Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause	3
Equal Protection Clause	2
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment	2
Fourteenth Amendment rights	2
Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment	2
14th Amendment	1
Amendment XIV	1
Amendment XIV of the United States Constitution	1
Citizenship Clause	1
Fourteenth Amendment (argued but not basis of holding)	1
Fourteenth Amendment (context of civil rights enforcement)	1
Fourteenth Amendment (referenced but not primary basis)	1
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution	1
The Fourteenth Amendment does not guarantee women the right to vote	1
The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from requiring children to attend only public schools	1
U.S. Const. amend. XIV	1
U.S. Constitution Fourteenth Amendment	1
U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV	1
U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment	1
United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T33154 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Fourteenth Amendment
Context triple: [Thirteenth Amendment, followedBy, Fourteenth Amendment]

A. Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment is a landmark provision to the United States Constitution that formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the country, except as punishment for a crime.
B. Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the constitutional provision that limits individuals to being elected U.S. president no more than twice, thereby formalizing presidential term limits.
C. Full Faith and Credit Clause
The Full Faith and Credit Clause is a provision of the U.S. Constitution that requires states to recognize and honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states.
D. United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States that established the national framework of government, separated powers among branches, and protects fundamental rights through its articles and amendments.
E. Supremacy Clause
The Supremacy Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that establishes federal law and the Constitution as the highest law of the land, overriding conflicting state laws.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Fourteenth Amendment
Target entity description: The Fourteenth Amendment is a key post–Civil War addition to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, forming the foundation of many modern civil rights protections.

A. Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment is a landmark provision to the United States Constitution that formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the country, except as punishment for a crime.
B. Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the constitutional provision that limits individuals to being elected U.S. president no more than twice, thereby formalizing presidential term limits.
C. Full Faith and Credit Clause
The Full Faith and Credit Clause is a provision of the U.S. Constitution that requires states to recognize and honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states.
D. United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States that established the national framework of government, separated powers among branches, and protects fundamental rights through its articles and amendments.
E. Supremacy Clause
The Supremacy Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that establishes federal law and the Constitution as the highest law of the land, overriding conflicting state laws.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (51)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	United States constitutional law ⓘ constitutional amendment ⓘ
adoptedAfter	American Civil War ⓘ
aimedAt	protecting rights of formerly enslaved people ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: 14th Amendment Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Amendment XIV
appliesTo	states ⓘ
belongsTo	Reconstruction Amendments ⓘ
containsClause	Fourteenth Amendment self-linksurface differs ⓘ surface form: Citizenship Clause Due Process Clause ⓘ Enforcement Clause ⓘ Equal Protection Clause ⓘ Privileges and Immunities Clause ⓘ surface form: Privileges or Immunities Clause
country	United States of America ⓘ
effectiveDate	1868-07-28 ⓘ
empowers	United States Congress ⓘ
empowersFor	enforcement by appropriate legislation ⓘ
followedBy	Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ
follows	Thirteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
guarantees	birthright citizenship ⓘ due process of law ⓘ equal protection of the laws ⓘ
historicalPeriod	Reconstruction era ⓘ
keyCase	Brown v. Board of Education ⓘ Bush v. Gore ⓘ Gideon v. Wainwright ⓘ Gitlow v. New York ⓘ Loving v. Virginia ⓘ Mapp v. Ohio ⓘ Miranda v. Arizona ⓘ Obergefell v. Hodges ⓘ Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ⓘ surface form: Plessy v. Ferguson Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ⓘ Roe v. Wade ⓘ Shelby County v. Holder ⓘ
legalDoctrine	incorporation of the Bill of Rights ⓘ
limits	state governments ⓘ
locatedInLegalDocument	United States Constitution ⓘ surface form: Constitution of the United States, Article V amendments
partOf	United States Constitution ⓘ
proposedBy	United States Congress ⓘ
proposedOn	1866-06-13 ⓘ
ratifiedOn	1868-07-09 ⓘ
relatedTo	Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ Thirteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
sectionCount	5 ⓘ
subjectMatter	citizenship law ⓘ civil rights ⓘ equal protection jurisprudence ⓘ procedural due process ⓘ substantive due process ⓘ
usedFor	selective incorporation of federal rights against the states ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (248)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Thirteenth Amendment → followedBy → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

American Civil War → legalOutcome → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Brown v. Board of Education → legalIssue → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Brown v. Board of Education → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause

Roe v. Wade → interpretsConstitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause

Bush v. Gore → legalIssue → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Bush v. Gore → constitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV

Free Exercise Clause → extendedToStatesBy → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion → legalIssue → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Equal Protection Clause

United States v. Virginia (1996) majority opinion → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

U.S. citizens → protectedBy → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Clause 39 → influenced → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Fourteenth Amendment → containsClause → Fourteenth Amendment self-linksurface differs ⓘ

subject surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

this entity surface form: Citizenship Clause

Fourteenth Amendment → alsoKnownAs → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

subject surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

this entity surface form: Amendment XIV

Fourteenth Amendment → alsoKnownAs → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

subject surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

this entity surface form: 14th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1866 → relatedTo → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization → legalIssue → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

report "To Secure These Rights" → legalBasisReferenced → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

subject surface form: To Secure These Rights

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Obergefell v. Hodges → legalIssue → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

Obergefell v. Hodges → relatedConstitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. Constitution Fourteenth Amendment

First Amendment to the United States Constitution → incorporatedThrough → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Establishment Clause → appliedThrough → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

Wisconsin v. Yoder → appliedToStatesThrough → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah → appliedToStatesThrough → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review → focusesOn → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 → requiredRatificationOf → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Radical Republicanism → supported → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Civil Rights Act of 1964 → constitutionalBasis → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

United States constitutional history → includesTopic → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Miranda v. Arizona → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1875 → constitutionalBasisClaimed → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Furman v. Georgia → constitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Katzenbach v. McClung → constitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment (referenced but not primary basis)

Due Process Clause → locatedIn → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Due Process Clause → foundInSection → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment

Gideon v. Wainwright → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Voting Rights Act of 1965 → constitutionalBasis → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County → constitutionalProvisionInvoked → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution → follows → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Doe v. Bolton → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Equal Justice Under Law (associated with the Supreme Court building inscription) → relatedTo → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

subject surface form: Equal Justice Under Law

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Cantwell v. Connecticut → appliedToStatesThrough → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause

Smith v. Allwright → constitutionalProvision → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Civil Rights Act of 1960 → constitutionalBasis → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Briggs v. Elliott → constitutionalProvisionInvoked → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Enforcement Clause → partOf → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Enforcement Clause → constitutionalArticle → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Amendment XIV of the United States Constitution

Black Codes → ledTo → Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ

this entity surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

All labels observed (22)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (51)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (248)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited