Old Welsh
E520578
Old Welsh is the earliest documented stage of the Welsh language, attested in early medieval Britain and forming the linguistic ancestor of Middle and Modern Welsh.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Old Welsh canonical | 20 |
| Primitive Welsh | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T5440914 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Old Welsh Context triple: [Middle Welsh, follows, Old Welsh]
-
A.
Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh is the historical form of the Welsh language used roughly between the 12th and 14th centuries, known especially from medieval literature such as the Mabinogion.
-
B.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language native to Wales, known for its rich literary tradition and status as one of the oldest living languages in Europe.
-
C.
Old Irish
Old Irish is the earliest recorded form of the Goidelic Celtic languages, historically spoken in Ireland and parts of Scotland between roughly the 6th and 10th centuries.
-
D.
Old English
Old English is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken and written in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland roughly between the 5th and 12th centuries.
-
E.
Cumbric language
The Cumbric language was an extinct Brythonic Celtic language once spoken in northern England and southern Scotland, closely related to Old Welsh.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Old Welsh Target entity description: Old Welsh is the earliest documented stage of the Welsh language, attested in early medieval Britain and forming the linguistic ancestor of Middle and Modern Welsh.
-
A.
Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh is the historical form of the Welsh language used roughly between the 12th and 14th centuries, known especially from medieval literature such as the Mabinogion.
-
B.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language native to Wales, known for its rich literary tradition and status as one of the oldest living languages in Europe.
-
C.
Old Irish
Old Irish is the earliest recorded form of the Goidelic Celtic languages, historically spoken in Ireland and parts of Scotland between roughly the 6th and 10th centuries.
-
D.
Old English
Old English is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken and written in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland roughly between the 5th and 12th centuries.
-
E.
Cumbric language
The Cumbric language was an extinct Brythonic Celtic language once spoken in northern England and southern Scotland, closely related to Old Welsh.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (45)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Celtic language
ⓘ
historical language ⓘ stage of the Welsh language ⓘ |
| ancestorOf |
Middle Welsh
ⓘ
Modern Welsh ⓘ
linked to:
Welsh
|
| attestedIn |
charters
ⓘ
glosses in Latin manuscripts ⓘ inscriptions ⓘ legal texts ⓘ |
| closelyRelatedTo |
Old Breton
ⓘ
Old Cornish ⓘ
linked to:
Cornish
|
| developedFrom |
Common Brittonic
ⓘ
linked to:
Brittonic
|
| follows |
Primitive Welsh
ⓘ
linked to:
Old Welsh
|
| hasDescendant |
Middle Welsh
ⓘ
Modern Welsh ⓘ
linked to:
Welsh
|
| hasFeature |
VSO basic word order
ⓘ
case distinctions in pronouns ⓘ grammatical gender ⓘ inflected prepositions ⓘ initial consonant mutation system ⓘ |
| ISO639-3 | owl ⓘ |
| languageFamily |
Brythonic languages
ⓘ
Celtic languages ⓘ Indo-European languages ⓘ
linked to:
Indo-European language family
|
| partOf |
history of the Welsh language
ⓘ
medieval Welsh literature tradition ⓘ |
| precedes | Middle Welsh ⓘ |
| region |
Kingdom of Dyfed
ⓘ
Kingdom of Gwynedd ⓘ Kingdom of Powys ⓘ |
| subclassOf |
Insular Celtic language
ⓘ
P-Celtic language ⓘ |
| timePeriod |
circa 10th century
ⓘ
circa 8th century ⓘ circa 9th century ⓘ early Middle Ages ⓘ |
| usedBy | early Welsh-speaking Britons ⓘ |
| usedFor |
administrative records
ⓘ
legal documentation ⓘ religious glosses ⓘ |
| usedIn |
Wales
ⓘ
early medieval Britain ⓘ western Britain ⓘ |
| writingDirection | left-to-right ⓘ |
| writingSystem | Latin alphabet ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Old Welsh Description of subject: Old Welsh is the earliest documented stage of the Welsh language, attested in early medieval Britain and forming the linguistic ancestor of Middle and Modern Welsh.
Referenced by (21)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.