Middle Welsh
E122129
Middle Welsh is the historical form of the Welsh language used roughly between the 12th and 14th centuries, known especially from medieval literature such as the Mabinogion.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Middle Welsh canonical | 8 |
| Middle Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1037053 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Middle Welsh Context triple: [Celtic languages, includesLanguage, Middle Welsh]
-
A.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language native to Wales, known for its rich literary tradition and status as one of the oldest living languages in Europe.
-
B.
Middle English
Middle English is the historical stage of the English language spoken and written roughly between the late 11th and late 15th centuries, exemplified by works like Chaucer’s "Canterbury Tales."
-
C.
Middle Irish
Middle Irish is the historical stage of the Irish language spoken and written roughly between the 10th and 12th centuries, serving as a bridge between Old Irish and Early Modern Irish.
-
D.
Old Irish
Old Irish is the earliest recorded form of the Goidelic Celtic languages, historically spoken in Ireland and parts of Scotland between roughly the 6th and 10th centuries.
-
E.
Old English
Old English is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken and written in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland roughly between the 5th and 12th centuries.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Middle Welsh Target entity description: Middle Welsh is the historical form of the Welsh language used roughly between the 12th and 14th centuries, known especially from medieval literature such as the Mabinogion.
-
A.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language native to Wales, known for its rich literary tradition and status as one of the oldest living languages in Europe.
-
B.
Middle English
Middle English is the historical stage of the English language spoken and written roughly between the late 11th and late 15th centuries, exemplified by works like Chaucer’s "Canterbury Tales."
-
C.
Middle Irish
Middle Irish is the historical stage of the Irish language spoken and written roughly between the 10th and 12th centuries, serving as a bridge between Old Irish and Early Modern Irish.
-
D.
Old Irish
Old Irish is the earliest recorded form of the Goidelic Celtic languages, historically spoken in Ireland and parts of Scotland between roughly the 6th and 10th centuries.
-
E.
Old English
Old English is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken and written in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland roughly between the 5th and 12th centuries.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Brythonic language variety
ⓘ
Celtic language variety ⓘ historical language stage ⓘ |
| closelyRelatedTo |
Breton
ⓘ
surface form:
Middle Breton
Cornish ⓘ
surface form:
Middle Cornish
|
| developedFrom | Old Welsh ⓘ |
| developedInto |
Welsh
ⓘ
surface form:
Modern Welsh
|
| follows | Old Welsh ⓘ |
| hasFeature |
VSO basic word order
ⓘ
complex verbal morphology ⓘ grammatical gender ⓘ inflected prepositions ⓘ initial consonant mutation system ⓘ |
| hasGlottocode | midd1350 ⓘ |
| ISO639-3 | wlm ⓘ |
| knownFrom |
legal texts
ⓘ
literary texts ⓘ manuscripts ⓘ religious texts ⓘ |
| languageFamily |
Celtic languages
ⓘ
Indo-European language family ⓘ
surface form:
Indo-European languages
|
| notableWorkInLanguage |
Brut y Brenhinedd
ⓘ
Brut y Tywysogion ⓘ Mabinogion ⓘ
surface form:
Four Branches of the Mabinogi
Welsh law ⓘ
surface form:
Laws of Hywel Dda
Mabinogion ⓘ Poems of the Gogynfeirdd ⓘ Welsh Triads ⓘ |
| partOf | history of the Welsh language ⓘ |
| precedes | Early Modern Welsh ⓘ |
| primaryRegion |
Wales
ⓘ
Welsh Marches ⓘ |
| sourceFor |
reconstruction of Old Welsh
ⓘ
study of Arthurian legend ⓘ study of medieval Welsh law ⓘ study of medieval Welsh mythology ⓘ |
| standardizedIn | not fully standardized ⓘ |
| status | historical language, no native speakers ⓘ |
| subfamily |
Brittonic
ⓘ
surface form:
Brittonic languages
Insular Celtic languages ⓘ |
| usedAs |
administrative language in medieval Wales
ⓘ
literary language ⓘ |
| usedBy |
medieval Welsh jurists
ⓘ
medieval Welsh poets ⓘ medieval Welsh scribes ⓘ |
| usedInPeriod |
12th century
ⓘ
13th century ⓘ 14th century ⓘ High Middle Ages ⓘ |
| writingSystem | Latin alphabet ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Middle Welsh Description of subject: Middle Welsh is the historical form of the Welsh language used roughly between the 12th and 14th centuries, known especially from medieval literature such as the Mabinogion.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Middle Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd