Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause

E26046

United States Supreme Court constitutional holding constitutional law principle legal doctrine

This entity is the Supreme Court’s constitutional holding in Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States that upheld the federal prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations as a legitimate use of Congress’s Commerce Clause authority.

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All labels observed (2)

Label	Occurrences
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s Commerce Clause power as applied to Ollie’s Barbecue	1
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause canonical	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T204747 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause
Context triple: [Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, holding, Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause]

A. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
B. Necessary and Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the authority to enact laws needed to execute its enumerated powers, forming the basis for implied federal powers.
C. General Welfare Clause doctrine
The General Welfare Clause doctrine is a constitutional interpretation that grants Congress broad authority to tax and spend in pursuit of national objectives deemed to promote the general welfare of the United States.
D. Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that outlawed segregation and major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, fundamentally reshaping American civil rights protections.
E. Privileges and Immunities Clause
The Privileges and Immunities Clause is a constitutional provision that prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states in fundamental rights such as access to courts, property, and employment.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause
Target entity description: This entity is the Supreme Court’s constitutional holding in Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States that upheld the federal prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations as a legitimate use of Congress’s Commerce Clause authority.

A. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
B. Necessary and Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the authority to enact laws needed to execute its enumerated powers, forming the basis for implied federal powers.
C. General Welfare Clause doctrine
The General Welfare Clause doctrine is a constitutional interpretation that grants Congress broad authority to tax and spend in pursuit of national objectives deemed to promote the general welfare of the United States.
D. Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. federal law that outlawed segregation and major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, fundamentally reshaping American civil rights protections.
E. Privileges and Immunities Clause
The Privileges and Immunities Clause is a constitutional provision that prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states in fundamental rights such as access to courts, property, and employment.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (40)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	United States Supreme Court constitutional holding ⓘ constitutional law principle ⓘ legal doctrine ⓘ
appliesTo	places of public accommodation affecting interstate commerce ⓘ
branchOfLaw	civil rights law ⓘ constitutional law ⓘ
caseCitation	379 U.S. 241 ⓘ
characterizedAs	broad reading of congressional commerce power ⓘ landmark civil rights holding ⓘ
constitutionalIssue	federal regulation of private businesses ⓘ relationship between civil rights and interstate commerce ⓘ scope of congressional power under the Commerce Clause ⓘ
constitutionalProvisionInterpreted	Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution ⓘ linked to: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution
constitutionalStatus	upheld as consistent with the Commerce Clause ⓘ
country	United States of America ⓘ
court	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
effect	confirmed broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause ⓘ expanded federal authority to combat private racial discrimination ⓘ validated nationwide enforcement of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ⓘ
heldIn	Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States ⓘ
holdingDate	1964 ⓘ
jurisdiction	United States ⓘ linked to: United States of America
legalBasis	Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution ⓘ linked to: Commerce Clause
opposes	claims that Title II exceeds Congress’s enumerated powers ⓘ
reasoningIncludes	conclusion that racial discrimination discourages interstate travel ⓘ deference to congressional findings on the impact of discrimination on commerce ⓘ finding that substantial portions of motel clientele were interstate travelers ⓘ
recognizes	that racial discrimination in lodging and public accommodations burdens interstate commerce ⓘ
relatedCase	Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States ⓘ Katzenbach v. McClung ⓘ
subjectMatter	civil rights enforcement ⓘ federal power to regulate interstate commerce ⓘ racial discrimination in public accommodations ⓘ
supports	broad congressional authority to address racial discrimination through commerce regulation ⓘ
supportsConstitutionalityOf	federal prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations ⓘ
supportsEnforcementBy	United States Department of Justice ⓘ private litigants seeking injunctive relief under Title II ⓘ
upheldStatute	Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ⓘ
usedAsPrecedentIn	later Commerce Clause jurisprudence ⓘ later civil rights cases involving public accommodations ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (2)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States → holding → Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause ⓘ

Ollie’s Barbecue case → holding → Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s Commerce Clause power as applied to Ollie’s Barbecue ⓘ

linked to: Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a valid exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause

All labels observed (2)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (40)

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Referenced by (2)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited