Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

E14606

amendment to the United States Constitution constitutional amendment provision of the United States Bill of Rights

The Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a provision in the Bill of Rights that affirms the existence of fundamental rights retained by the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.

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All labels observed (3)

Label	Occurrences
Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution canonical	7
Ninth Amendment	2
Amendment IX	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T125881 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Context triple: [Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, follows, Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution]

A. Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a provision in the Bill of Rights that reserves to the states or the people all powers not delegated to the federal government, serving as a key foundation for American federalism and states’ rights.
B. Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a 1967 amendment that clarifies presidential succession and procedures for dealing with presidential disability and vacancies in the vice presidency.
C. Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment is a key post–Civil War addition to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, forming the foundation of many modern civil rights protections.
D. Article I of the United States Constitution
Article I of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, defining the structure, powers, and procedures of Congress.
E. Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is the amendment that granted residents of Washington, D.C. the right to participate in presidential elections by allocating them Electoral College votes.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Target entity description: The Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a provision in the Bill of Rights that affirms the existence of fundamental rights retained by the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.

A. Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a provision in the Bill of Rights that reserves to the states or the people all powers not delegated to the federal government, serving as a key foundation for American federalism and states’ rights.
B. Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a 1967 amendment that clarifies presidential succession and procedures for dealing with presidential disability and vacancies in the vice presidency.
C. Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment is a key post–Civil War addition to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, forming the foundation of many modern civil rights protections.
D. Article I of the United States Constitution
Article I of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, defining the structure, powers, and procedures of Congress.
E. Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is the amendment that granted residents of Washington, D.C. the right to participate in presidential elections by allocating them Electoral College votes.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (49)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ constitutional amendment ⓘ provision of the United States Bill of Rights ⓘ
adoptedOn	1791-12-15 ⓘ
affirms	existence of unenumerated rights ⓘ rights retained by the people ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ surface form: Amendment IX Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ surface form: Ninth Amendment
appliesTo	United States government ⓘ surface form: federal government of the United States
author	James Madison ⓘ
category	United States constitutional amendments ⓘ surface form: Amendments to the United States Constitution Human rights in the United States ⓘ Bill of Rights ⓘ surface form: United States Bill of Rights
citedBy	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ surface form: United States Supreme Court
citedIn	Griswold v. Connecticut ⓘ Roe v. Wade ⓘ United Public Workers v. Mitchell ⓘ
country	United States of America ⓘ
debatedBy	constitutional scholars ⓘ
debatedIssue	relationship to substantive due process doctrine ⓘ whether it is an independent source of rights ⓘ
hasEffectOn	constitutional theory of unenumerated rights ⓘ interpretation of individual rights under the Constitution ⓘ
hasInterpretationIssue	judicial enforceability of unenumerated rights ⓘ scope of unenumerated rights ⓘ
historicalContext	Anti-Federalist concerns about individual rights ⓘ debates over ratification of the United States Constitution ⓘ
influencedBy	Enlightenment political philosophy ⓘ doctrine of natural rights ⓘ
jurisdiction	federal judiciary of the United States ⓘ surface form: federal courts of the United States
language	English ⓘ
legalDomain	constitutional law ⓘ
legalSystem	United States law ⓘ
locatedInSection	Article of Amendment IX ⓘ
partOf	Bill of Rights ⓘ United States Constitution ⓘ
positionInDocument	9 ⓘ
proposedBy	First United States Congress ⓘ
proposedOn	1789-09-25 ⓘ
purpose	to clarify that listing certain rights in the Constitution does not deny other rights retained by the people ⓘ to protect unenumerated fundamental rights ⓘ
ratifiedOn	1791-12-15 ⓘ
relatedConcept	natural rights ⓘ retained rights ⓘ substantive due process ⓘ unenumerated rights ⓘ
relatedTo	Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ surface form: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ
text	The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (10)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution → follows → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution → precededBy → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

Bill of Rights → containsAmendment → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution → alsoKnownAs → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Ninth Amendment

Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution → alsoKnownAs → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

this entity surface form: Amendment IX

First United States Congress → proposedAmendment → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

Virginia Declaration of Rights → influenced → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

United States constitutional amendments → includes → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

U.S. Constitution, Sixth Amendment → ratifiedWith → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ

subject surface form: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Griswold v. Connecticut → constitutionalProvisionInterpreted → Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ