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gptkbp:instanceOf
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gptkb:biological_pathway
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gptkbp:adaptation
|
high temperature
high light intensity
low atmospheric CO2
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gptkbp:alsoKnownAs
|
gptkb:C4_pathway
|
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gptkbp:contrastsWith
|
gptkb:C3_carbon_fixation
gptkb:CAM_pathway
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gptkbp:contributedTo
|
about 25% of terrestrial photosynthesis
|
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gptkbp:discoveredBy
|
gptkb:Marshall_Hatch
gptkb:Roger_Slack
|
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gptkbp:discoveredIn
|
1966
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gptkbp:energyEfficiency
|
higher ATP requirement than C3 pathway
|
|
gptkbp:evolvedIndependently
|
over 60 times
|
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gptkbp:foundIn
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gptkb:maize
gptkb:marina
sugarcane
sorghum
crabgrass
|
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gptkbp:hasBiologicalActivity
|
gptkb:Rubisco
gptkb:PEP_carboxylase
|
|
gptkbp:importantFor
|
drought resistance
crop productivity in tropics
high temperature tolerance
|
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gptkbp:improves
|
nitrogen use efficiency
water use efficiency
|
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gptkbp:involves
|
gptkb:Kranz_anatomy
CO2 concentration mechanism
decarboxylation in bundle sheath cells
regeneration of PEP in mesophyll cells
spatial separation of steps
transport of C4 acids between cells
|
|
gptkbp:keyIntermediate
|
gptkb:oxaloacetate
gptkb:aspartate
gptkb:malate
|
|
gptkbp:mainFunction
|
carbon dioxide fixation
increase photosynthetic efficiency
reduce photorespiration
|
|
gptkbp:namedFor
|
first stable product has 4 carbons
|
|
gptkbp:occurredIn
|
gptkb:C4_plants
plants
|
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gptkbp:occursInCellType
|
bundle sheath cells
mesophyll cells
|
|
gptkbp:percentageOfPlantSpecies
|
about 3% of all plant species
|
|
gptkbp:product
|
gptkb:oxaloacetate
gptkb:malate
|
|
gptkbp:reduces
|
photorespiration
|
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gptkbp:bfsParent
|
gptkb:Calvin-Benson-Bassham_cycle
|
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gptkbp:bfsLayer
|
7
|
|
https://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label
|
C4 carbon fixation
|