Dyson series
E9110
The Dyson series is a perturbative expansion in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered exponentials and scattering amplitudes as an infinite series of integrals, each term corresponding to a Feynman diagram.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Dyson series canonical | 8 |
| Dyson series in quantum electrodynamics | 3 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T100549 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Dyson series Context triple: [Feynman diagrams, relatedConcept, Dyson series]
-
A.
Drake equation
The Drake equation is a probabilistic formula used to estimate the number of technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations that might exist in our galaxy.
-
B.
Kasner
Kasner is the birth surname of former German chancellor Angela Merkel, reflecting her family name before marriage.
-
C.
Bardeen
Bardeen is a surname most notably associated with John Bardeen, the American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice for his work on the transistor and superconductivity.
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D.
One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue
"One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue" is an episode of the science documentary series "Cosmos: A Personal Voyage" that explores the origin, evolution, and diversity of life in the universe.
-
E.
Oppenheimer–Snyder model
The Oppenheimer–Snyder model is a pioneering theoretical description of gravitational collapse in general relativity, providing one of the first rigorous treatments of how a massive star can form a black hole.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Dyson series Target entity description: The Dyson series is a perturbative expansion in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered exponentials and scattering amplitudes as an infinite series of integrals, each term corresponding to a Feynman diagram.
-
A.
Drake equation
The Drake equation is a probabilistic formula used to estimate the number of technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations that might exist in our galaxy.
-
B.
Kasner
Kasner is the birth surname of former German chancellor Angela Merkel, reflecting her family name before marriage.
-
C.
Bardeen
Bardeen is a surname most notably associated with John Bardeen, the American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice for his work on the transistor and superconductivity.
-
D.
One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue
"One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue" is an episode of the science documentary series "Cosmos: A Personal Voyage" that explores the origin, evolution, and diversity of life in the universe.
-
E.
Oppenheimer–Snyder model
The Oppenheimer–Snyder model is a pioneering theoretical description of gravitational collapse in general relativity, providing one of the first rigorous treatments of how a massive star can form a black hole.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
concept in quantum field theory
ⓘ
mathematical formalism ⓘ perturbative expansion ⓘ |
| alternativeTo | nonperturbative methods in quantum field theory ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
nonrelativistic quantum mechanics with time-dependent interactions
ⓘ
relativistic quantum field theories ⓘ |
| approximationType | perturbative series in coupling constants ⓘ |
| assumes |
adiabatic switching on and off of interactions
ⓘ
existence of free and interacting field decomposition ⓘ |
| basedOn |
interaction picture of quantum mechanics
ⓘ
time-dependent perturbation theory ⓘ |
| clarifiedBy | operator formalism of quantum field theory ⓘ |
| convergenceProperty | typically asymptotic rather than convergent ⓘ |
| correspondsTo |
infinite series of time-ordered integrals
ⓘ
sum over Feynman diagrams ⓘ |
| describes |
scattering amplitudes
ⓘ
time evolution operator in the interaction picture ⓘ time-ordered exponential of the interaction Hamiltonian ⓘ |
| expands |
S-matrix operator
ⓘ
time evolution operator in interaction picture ⓘ time-ordered exponential operator ⓘ |
| field |
quantum field theory
ⓘ
theoretical physics ⓘ |
| hasComponent |
interaction Hamiltonian density
ⓘ
time-ordered products of interaction terms ⓘ time-ordering operator ⓘ |
| historicalDevelopment | formulated by Freeman Dyson in the late 1940s ⓘ |
| limitation |
breaks down at strong coupling
ⓘ
may be non-convergent but asymptotic ⓘ |
| mathematicalForm | infinite sum of multiple time integrals ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Freeman Dyson ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Feynman diagrams
ⓘ
Gell-Mann–Low theorem ⓘ S-matrix ⓘ Wick’s theorem ⓘ
surface form:
Wick's theorem
path integral formulation ⓘ time-ordered products ⓘ |
| requires | time-ordering of interaction operators ⓘ |
| termCorrespondsTo |
Feynman diagram with n interaction vertices
ⓘ
n-th order perturbation in the coupling constant ⓘ |
| usedFor |
derivation of Feynman diagram rules
ⓘ
perturbative calculation of S-matrix elements ⓘ systematic expansion in powers of the interaction coupling constant ⓘ |
| usedIn |
perturbative quantum chromodynamics
ⓘ
quantum electrodynamics ⓘ standard model calculations ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Dyson series Description of subject: The Dyson series is a perturbative expansion in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered exponentials and scattering amplitudes as an infinite series of integrals, each term corresponding to a Feynman diagram.
Referenced by (11)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Dyson series in quantum electrodynamics
subject surface form:
Freeman Dyson
this entity surface form:
Dyson series in quantum electrodynamics
subject surface form:
Freeman Dyson
this entity surface form:
Dyson series in quantum electrodynamics