London theory of superconductivity
E243123
The London theory of superconductivity is a foundational phenomenological model that explains key electromagnetic properties of superconductors, such as perfect diamagnetism and the Meissner effect, through the London equations.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| London theory of superconductivity canonical | 2 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2173849 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: London theory of superconductivity Context triple: [Heinz London, notableWork, London theory of superconductivity]
-
A.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
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B.
Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity
The Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity is a phenomenological framework that describes superconductors using a complex order parameter and macroscopic equations to capture phase transitions, coherence length, and magnetic behavior.
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C.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
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D.
Schrieffer
Schrieffer is the surname of John Robert Schrieffer, the American physicist and Nobel laureate known for co-developing the BCS theory of superconductivity.
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E.
Abrikosov vortices
Abrikosov vortices are quantized magnetic flux lines that penetrate type-II superconductors in a regular lattice when exposed to magnetic fields above a critical value.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: London theory of superconductivity Target entity description: The London theory of superconductivity is a foundational phenomenological model that explains key electromagnetic properties of superconductors, such as perfect diamagnetism and the Meissner effect, through the London equations.
-
A.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
-
B.
Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity
The Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity is a phenomenological framework that describes superconductors using a complex order parameter and macroscopic equations to capture phase transitions, coherence length, and magnetic behavior.
-
C.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
-
D.
Schrieffer
Schrieffer is the surname of John Robert Schrieffer, the American physicist and Nobel laureate known for co-developing the BCS theory of superconductivity.
-
E.
Abrikosov vortices
Abrikosov vortices are quantized magnetic flux lines that penetrate type-II superconductors in a regular lattice when exposed to magnetic fields above a critical value.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (44)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
electromagnetic theory
ⓘ
phenomenological theory ⓘ theory of superconductivity ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
bulk superconducting materials
ⓘ
superconductors ⓘ |
| approximates | superconductors as perfect diamagnets ⓘ |
| assumes |
macroscopic quantum coherence of superconducting electrons
ⓘ
superconducting current proportional to vector potential ⓘ |
| basedOn | London equations ⓘ |
| characterizes |
magnetic field penetration in superconductors
ⓘ
superconducting current response to electromagnetic fields ⓘ |
| connectedTo | Maxwell equations in matter ⓘ |
| contrastsWith | microscopic BCS theory ⓘ |
| coreIdea | superconducting electrons move without resistance in response to electromagnetic fields ⓘ |
| countryOfOrigin | United Kingdom ⓘ |
| describes | electromagnetic properties of superconductors ⓘ |
| explains |
Meissner effect
ⓘ
perfect diamagnetism ⓘ |
| field |
condensed matter physics
ⓘ
theoretical physics ⓘ |
| formulatedBy |
Fritz London
ⓘ
Heinz London ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance | first successful phenomenological description of Meissner effect ⓘ |
| ignores | normal electron contribution in ideal limit ⓘ |
| influenced | development of Ginzburg–Landau theory ⓘ |
| inspired | subsequent gauge-invariant formulations of superconductivity ⓘ |
| introducesConcept | London penetration depth ⓘ |
| language | classical field equations ⓘ |
| mathematicalFormulation |
London equations
ⓘ
surface form:
first London equation
second London equation ⓘ |
| neglects | microscopic pairing mechanism ⓘ |
| precedes | BCS theory of superconductivity ⓘ |
| predicts |
exponential decay of magnetic field inside a superconductor
ⓘ
zero magnetic field in the bulk of an ideal superconductor ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
flux expulsion
ⓘ
superconducting condensate ⓘ supercurrent density ⓘ |
| scope | linear response of superconductors to weak fields ⓘ |
| type | macroscopic theory ⓘ |
| usedFor |
estimating penetration depth from experimental data
ⓘ
modeling magnetic response of type I superconductors ⓘ |
| validInRegime |
length scales larger than coherence length
ⓘ
low-frequency electromagnetic fields ⓘ |
| yearProposed | 1935 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: London theory of superconductivity Description of subject: The London theory of superconductivity is a foundational phenomenological model that explains key electromagnetic properties of superconductors, such as perfect diamagnetism and the Meissner effect, through the London equations.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.