Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
E11639
Fulton v. City of Philadelphia is a 2021 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously ruled that Philadelphia violated a Catholic foster care agency’s religious freedom by excluding it from the foster program over its refusal to certify same-sex couples.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Fulton v. City of Philadelphia canonical | 3 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T61143 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Fulton v. City of Philadelphia Context triple: [Free Exercise Clause, interpretedInCase, Fulton v. City of Philadelphia]
-
A.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
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B.
Chiafalo v. Washington
Chiafalo v. Washington is a 2020 U.S. Supreme Court case that unanimously upheld states’ authority to penalize or replace “faithless electors” who do not vote in line with their state’s popular vote in presidential elections.
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C.
Ware v. Hylton
Ware v. Hylton was a 1796 U.S. Supreme Court case that held federal treaties override conflicting state laws, helping to establish the authority of the national government under the Constitution.
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D.
Katzenbach v. McClung
Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
-
E.
United States v. Darby
United States v. Darby is a 1941 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld federal labor regulations under the Commerce Clause and marked a broad expansion of federal power over economic activity.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Fulton v. City of Philadelphia Target entity description: Fulton v. City of Philadelphia is a 2021 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously ruled that Philadelphia violated a Catholic foster care agency’s religious freedom by excluding it from the foster program over its refusal to certify same-sex couples.
-
A.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
B.
Chiafalo v. Washington
Chiafalo v. Washington is a 2020 U.S. Supreme Court case that unanimously upheld states’ authority to penalize or replace “faithless electors” who do not vote in line with their state’s popular vote in presidential elections.
-
C.
Ware v. Hylton
Ware v. Hylton was a 1796 U.S. Supreme Court case that held federal treaties override conflicting state laws, helping to establish the authority of the national government under the Constitution.
-
D.
Katzenbach v. McClung
Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
-
E.
United States v. Darby
United States v. Darby is a 1941 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld federal labor regulations under the Commerce Clause and marked a broad expansion of federal power over economic activity.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
First Amendment case
ⓘ
United States Supreme Court case ⓘ court case ⓘ religious freedom case ⓘ |
| appliedTest | strict scrutiny ⓘ |
| concerns |
Catholic Social Services
ⓘ
surface form:
Catholic Social Services foster care program
City of Philadelphia foster care system ⓘ |
| decisionType | unanimous decision ⓘ |
| didNotOverrule | Employment Division v. Smith ⓘ |
| hasArgumentDate | 2020-11-04 ⓘ |
| hasChiefJustice |
John G. Roberts Jr.
ⓘ
surface form:
John G. Roberts, Jr.
|
| hasCitation |
141 S. Ct. 1868
ⓘ
210 L. Ed. 2d 137 ⓘ 593 U.S. ___ ⓘ |
| hasConcurringJustice |
Amy Coney Barrett
ⓘ
Brett M. Kavanaugh ⓘ Clarence Thomas ⓘ Elena Kagan ⓘ Neil M. Gorsuch ⓘ Samuel A. Alito Jr. ⓘ
surface form:
Samuel A. Alito, Jr.
Sonia Sotomayor ⓘ Stephen G. Breyer ⓘ |
| hasCourt | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| hasDecisionDate | 2021-06-17 ⓘ |
| hasDocketNumber | 19-123 ⓘ |
| hasLegalIssue |
Free Exercise Clause
ⓘ
surface form:
Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment
LGBT rights and foster care certification ⓘ religious freedom in government contracting ⓘ |
| hasOpinionAuthor |
John G. Roberts Jr.
ⓘ
surface form:
John G. Roberts, Jr.
|
| hasPetitioner |
Catholic Social Services
ⓘ
Sharonell Fulton ⓘ |
| hasRespondent |
Philadelphia
ⓘ
surface form:
City of Philadelphia
|
| hasSubjectArea |
LGBT rights in the United States
ⓘ
civil rights law ⓘ constitutional law ⓘ religion and the law ⓘ |
| hasTerm | October Term 2020 ⓘ |
| hasVote | 9-0 ⓘ |
| holding |
Philadelphia violated the Free Exercise Clause by refusing to contract with Catholic Social Services unless it agreed to certify same-sex couples as foster parents
ⓘ
The City’s refusal to contract with Catholic Social Services unless it agreed to certify same-sex couples burdened religious exercise and was not justified under strict scrutiny ⓘ |
| interpretsPrecedent | Employment Division v. Smith ⓘ |
| involves |
religious objections to certifying same-sex couples
ⓘ
same-sex couples seeking foster parent certification ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal question jurisdiction ⓘ |
| originatedFrom | United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
ⓘ
Obergefell v. Hodges ⓘ |
| reliefGranted | injunctive relief allowing Catholic Social Services to participate in the foster care program without certifying same-sex couples ⓘ |
| reversed | Third Circuit decision ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Fulton v. City of Philadelphia Description of subject: Fulton v. City of Philadelphia is a 2021 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously ruled that Philadelphia violated a Catholic foster care agency’s religious freedom by excluding it from the foster program over its refusal to certify same-sex couples.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.