Triple

T5537977
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Richard C. Tolman E145213 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Tolman surface brightness test in cosmology E145218 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (2 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Tolman surface brightness test in cosmology | Statement: [Richard C. Tolman, knownFor, Tolman surface brightness test in cosmology]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07 
Target entity: Tolman surface brightness test in cosmology
Context triple: [Richard C. Tolman, knownFor, Tolman surface brightness test in cosmology]
  • A. Tolman surface brightness test chosen
    The Tolman surface brightness test is an observational cosmology method that checks whether the universe is expanding by examining how the surface brightness of distant galaxies diminishes with redshift.
  • B. The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
    The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe is a foundational cosmology book by James Peebles that systematically develops the theory and observations of how matter is distributed on the largest cosmic scales.
  • C. Tully-Fisher relation distances
    Tully-Fisher relation distances are galaxy distance measurements derived from the empirical correlation between a spiral galaxy’s luminosity and its rotational velocity.
  • D. Supernova Cosmology Project
    The Supernova Cosmology Project is an international research collaboration that used observations of distant Type Ia supernovae to discover the accelerating expansion of the universe, providing key evidence for dark energy.
  • E. FLRW cosmological models
    FLRW cosmological models are a family of solutions to Einstein’s field equations that describe a homogeneous and isotropic expanding or contracting universe, forming the standard framework for modern cosmology.
  • F. None of above.
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Provenance (3 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69c008fa64888190adae56c8f9ea4031 completed March 22, 2026, 3:21 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69c01fb19cb8819088b21e8ebef63d8b completed March 22, 2026, 4:58 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69c02817cb04819088df72950c791144 completed March 22, 2026, 5:34 p.m.
Created at: March 22, 2026, 3:34 p.m.