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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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gptkb:mathematics
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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cartography
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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translation of Western books
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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gptkb:astronomy
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western philosophy
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western military technology
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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gptkb:medicine
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western diplomatic practices
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western printing techniques
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western architecture
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western legal concepts
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western navigation techniques
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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gptkb:Western_art
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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introduction of Western technology
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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gptkb:Western_painting
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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introduction of Christianity
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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mechanical clocks
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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introduction of Western science
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western literature
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gptkb:Ming–Portuguese_relations
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Western education
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