gptkb:Battle_of_Liberty_Place gptkb:Colfax_Massacre_of_1873 gptkb:New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866
violence against Black voters
African American militia units formed
Black Codes repealed
disputed gubernatorial election of 1872
establishment of Freedmen's Bureau offices
federal troops withdrawal in 1877
integration of public transportation (briefly)
rise of Black churches and schools
white supremacist paramilitary activity