Northern Cities Vowel Shift

GPTKB entity

Predicate	Object
gptkbp:instanceOf	gptkb:phonology sound change
gptkbp:affects	gptkb:Inland_North_American_English vowel pronunciation
gptkbp:beganIn	mid-20th century
https://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label	Northern Cities Vowel Shift
gptkbp:involves	fronting of /ɑ/ raising of /æ/ lowering of /ʌ/ backing of /ɛ/ backing of /ɪ/ lowering of /ɔ/
gptkbp:notableFor	gptkb:Massena gptkb:Albany gptkb:Ann_Arbor gptkb:Buffalo gptkb:Chicago gptkb:Cleveland gptkb:Detroit gptkb:Elmira gptkb:Geneva gptkb:Madison gptkb:Minneapolis gptkb:Niagara_Falls gptkb:Potsdam gptkb:Rochester gptkb:Rome gptkb:Syracuse gptkb:Old_Forge gptkb:Saranac_Lake gptkb:Tupper_Lake gptkb:Rockford gptkb:Oneida gptkb:Binghamton gptkb:Canandaigua gptkb:Cortland gptkb:Glens_Falls gptkb:Ithaca gptkb:Lansing gptkb:Lockport gptkb:Oswego gptkb:Plattsburgh gptkb:Saginaw gptkb:Schenectady gptkb:Utica gptkb:Malone gptkb:Akron gptkb:Appleton gptkb:Auburn gptkb:Bay_City gptkb:Carthage gptkb:Erie gptkb:Flint gptkb:Fort_Wayne gptkb:Grand_Rapids gptkb:Green_Bay gptkb:Jamestown gptkb:Kalamazoo gptkb:Lorain gptkb:Milwaukee gptkb:Oshkosh gptkb:Sheboygan gptkb:South_Bend gptkb:Toledo gptkb:Troy gptkb:Youngstown gptkb:Batavia gptkb:Tonawanda gptkb:Ogdensburg gptkb:Lowville Watertown bay Lake Placid Peoria
gptkbp:region	gptkb:Great_Lakes_region gptkb:Northern_United_States
gptkbp:studiedBy	gptkb:William_Labov Linguists
gptkbp:bfsParent	gptkb:Inland_Northern_American_English
gptkbp:bfsLayer	6