SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
E854994
The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is the viral surface protein that mediates coronavirus entry into human cells and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and many COVID-19 vaccines.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein canonical | 2 |
| S gene of SARS-CoV-2 | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 S protein | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T10292310 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein Context triple: [human adenovirus serotype 26, encodesInCOVID19Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein]
-
A.
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus responsible for the global outbreak of the respiratory disease COVID-19.
-
B.
REGN-COV2
REGN-COV2 is a monoclonal antibody cocktail designed to prevent and treat COVID-19 by targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
-
C.
BNT162b2
BNT162b2 is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine, co-developed by BioNTech and Pfizer, that became one of the first widely authorized vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
-
D.
Omicron variant
The Omicron variant is a highly mutated and fast-spreading strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused major global surges in COVID-19 cases starting in late 2021.
-
E.
Omicron
Omicron is a vowel letter of the Greek alphabet, historically representing a short "o" sound and used today in various scientific and mathematical contexts.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein Target entity description: The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is the viral surface protein that mediates coronavirus entry into human cells and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and many COVID-19 vaccines.
-
A.
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus responsible for the global outbreak of the respiratory disease COVID-19.
-
B.
REGN-COV2
REGN-COV2 is a monoclonal antibody cocktail designed to prevent and treat COVID-19 by targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
-
C.
BNT162b2
BNT162b2 is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine, co-developed by BioNTech and Pfizer, that became one of the first widely authorized vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
-
D.
Omicron variant
The Omicron variant is a highly mutated and fast-spreading strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused major global surges in COVID-19 cases starting in late 2021.
-
E.
Omicron
Omicron is a vowel letter of the Greek alphabet, historically representing a short "o" sound and used today in various scientific and mathematical contexts.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (54)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
class I fusion protein
ⓘ
viral surface glycoprotein ⓘ |
| binds |
heparan sulfate
ⓘ
human ACE2 ⓘ
linked to:
ACE2
neuropilin-1 (NRP1) ⓘ
linked to:
neuropilin-1
|
| cleavedBy |
TMPRSS2
ⓘ
cathepsins ⓘ furin ⓘ |
| enablesProcess |
fusion of viral and host membranes
ⓘ
virus attachment to host cell ⓘ |
| encodedBy |
S gene of SARS-CoV-2
ⓘ
linked to:
SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
|
| evolves |
variants with mutations affecting immune escape
ⓘ
variants with mutations affecting transmissibility ⓘ |
| forms | homotrimer on virion surface ⓘ |
| formsComplexWith |
ACE2 receptor
ⓘ
linked to:
ACE2
|
| foundInTaxon |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
ⓘ
linked to:
SARS-CoV-2
|
| hasConformation |
RBD-down state
ⓘ
RBD-up state ⓘ postfusion conformation ⓘ prefusion conformation ⓘ |
| hasMolecularFunction |
membrane fusion
ⓘ
receptor binding ⓘ viral entry into host cell ⓘ |
| hasNotableMutation |
D614G
ⓘ
E484K ⓘ L452R ⓘ N501Y ⓘ P681H ⓘ P681R ⓘ |
| hasPart |
N-terminal domain
ⓘ
S1 subunit ⓘ S1/S2 cleavage site ⓘ S2 subunit ⓘ S2′ cleavage site ⓘ cytoplasmic tail ⓘ furin cleavage site ⓘ fusion peptide ⓘ heptad repeat 1 (HR1) ⓘ heptad repeat 2 (HR2) ⓘ receptor-binding domain ⓘ transmembrane domain ⓘ |
| lengthInAminoAcids | 1273 ⓘ |
| locatedIn | viral envelope of SARS-CoV-2 ⓘ |
| locatedOn | surface of SARS-CoV-2 virion ⓘ |
| majorAntigenOf | SARS-CoV-2 ⓘ |
| postTranslationalModification |
N-linked glycosylation
ⓘ
O-linked glycosylation ⓘ |
| primaryTargetOf |
many COVID-19 vaccines
ⓘ
neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 ⓘ |
| subjectOf | structural studies by cryo-electron microscopy ⓘ |
| targetOf |
mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
ⓘ
linked to:
mRNA vaccine
monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19 ⓘ protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines ⓘ viral vector COVID-19 vaccines ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein Description of subject: The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is the viral surface protein that mediates coronavirus entry into human cells and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and many COVID-19 vaccines.
Referenced by (5)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject linked to:
human adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26)
linked to: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
linked to: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein