Madden–Julian Oscillation
E64496
The Madden–Julian Oscillation is a large-scale tropical atmospheric pattern characterized by eastward-moving pulses of enhanced and suppressed rainfall that strongly influence global weather and climate variability on intraseasonal timescales.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Madden–Julian Oscillation canonical | 7 |
| MJO | 1 |
| Walker circulation | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T510436 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Madden–Julian Oscillation Context triple: [Climate Prediction Center, field, Madden–Julian Oscillation]
-
A.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a recurring climate pattern involving temperature and pressure changes in the tropical Pacific that strongly influences global weather and climate variability.
-
B.
Southern Oscillation
The Southern Oscillation is a large-scale atmospheric pressure pattern across the tropical Pacific that drives the El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate phenomenon and influences global weather and rainfall.
-
C.
El Niño
El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, which can disrupt weather patterns worldwide.
-
D.
La Niña
La Niña is the cool phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern, characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and associated shifts in global weather.
-
E.
Indian Monsoon Current
The Indian Monsoon Current is a seasonally reversing ocean current in the northern Indian Ocean driven by the South Asian monsoon winds, significantly influencing regional climate and marine circulation.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Madden–Julian Oscillation Target entity description: The Madden–Julian Oscillation is a large-scale tropical atmospheric pattern characterized by eastward-moving pulses of enhanced and suppressed rainfall that strongly influence global weather and climate variability on intraseasonal timescales.
-
A.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a recurring climate pattern involving temperature and pressure changes in the tropical Pacific that strongly influences global weather and climate variability.
-
B.
Southern Oscillation
The Southern Oscillation is a large-scale atmospheric pressure pattern across the tropical Pacific that drives the El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate phenomenon and influences global weather and rainfall.
-
C.
El Niño
El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, which can disrupt weather patterns worldwide.
-
D.
La Niña
La Niña is the cool phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern, characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and associated shifts in global weather.
-
E.
Indian Monsoon Current
The Indian Monsoon Current is a seasonally reversing ocean current in the northern Indian Ocean driven by the South Asian monsoon winds, significantly influencing regional climate and marine circulation.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (62)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
atmospheric oscillation
ⓘ
climate variability mode ⓘ tropical intraseasonal oscillation ⓘ |
| affects |
onset of the Australian monsoon
ⓘ
onset of the South Asian monsoon ⓘ tropical cyclone genesis in the Atlantic ⓘ tropical cyclone genesis in the Indian Ocean ⓘ tropical cyclone genesis in the western Pacific ⓘ |
| affectsRegion |
global tropics
ⓘ
midlatitudes ⓘ subtropics ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
Madden–Julian Oscillation
ⓘ
surface form:
MJO
|
| characterizedBy |
eastward-propagating regions of enhanced convection
ⓘ
eastward-propagating regions of suppressed convection ⓘ enhanced and suppressed tropical rainfall anomalies ⓘ large-scale circulation anomalies in the tropics ⓘ |
| discoveredBy |
Paul R. Julian
ⓘ
Roland A. Madden ⓘ |
| firstDescribedInPublicationYear | 1971 ⓘ |
| governingProcess | coupling between tropical convection and large-scale circulation ⓘ |
| hasIndex |
RMM1
ⓘ
RMM1 ⓘ
surface form:
RMM2
Real-time Multivariate MJO index ⓘ |
| hasPhase |
active convective phase
ⓘ
multiple longitudinal phases used in indices ⓘ suppressed convective phase ⓘ |
| hasSpatialScale |
10,000 km or more
ⓘ
planetary scale ⓘ |
| hasTypicalPeriod |
30 to 60 days
ⓘ
30 to 90 days ⓘ |
| influences |
ENSO-related variability
ⓘ
atmospheric rivers ⓘ extreme precipitation events ⓘ global weather patterns ⓘ intraseasonal climate variability ⓘ jet stream variability ⓘ monsoon variability ⓘ temperature anomalies in extratropics ⓘ tropical cyclone activity ⓘ tropical rainfall variability ⓘ |
| measuredBy |
Outgoing Longwave Radiation anomalies
ⓘ
zonal wind anomalies at 200 hPa ⓘ zonal wind anomalies at 850 hPa ⓘ |
| modulates |
stratosphere–troposphere coupling
ⓘ
surface fluxes of heat and moisture ⓘ upper-ocean mixed layer variability ⓘ |
| namedAfter |
Paul R. Julian
ⓘ
Roland A. Madden ⓘ |
| playsRoleIn |
extended-range weather forecasting
ⓘ
subseasonal to seasonal prediction ⓘ |
| primaryRegion |
tropical Indian Ocean
ⓘ
tropical western Pacific Ocean ⓘ |
| propagationDirection | eastward ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Kelvin waves
ⓘ
Rossby waves ⓘ convectively coupled equatorial waves ⓘ |
| timeScale |
30–90 day timescale
ⓘ
intraseasonal ⓘ |
| typicalConvectionDecayRegion | central to eastern Pacific ⓘ |
| typicalConvectionOrigin |
Southwest Indian Ocean
ⓘ
surface form:
western Indian Ocean
|
| typicalPropagationSpeed |
about 4 to 8 m/s
ⓘ
about 5 m/s ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Madden–Julian Oscillation Description of subject: The Madden–Julian Oscillation is a large-scale tropical atmospheric pattern characterized by eastward-moving pulses of enhanced and suppressed rainfall that strongly influence global weather and climate variability on intraseasonal timescales.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Walker circulation
this entity surface form:
MJO