Yamashita standard
E60838
The Yamashita standard is a doctrine of command responsibility in international law that holds military commanders criminally liable for war crimes committed by their subordinates when they knew or should have known and failed to prevent or punish them.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Yamashita standard canonical | 5 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T489411 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Yamashita standard Context triple: [Tomoyuki Yamashita, legalPrincipleAssociatedWith, Yamashita standard]
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A.
Nisshoki
Nisshoki, more commonly known as the Hinomaru, is the national flag of Japan featuring a red sun disc centered on a white field.
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B.
Yamamoto
Yamamoto is a Japanese surname most famously associated with Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.
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C.
Namba Marui
Namba Marui is a major Marui department store and shopping complex located in Osaka’s bustling Namba district, known for its fashion, dining, and entertainment options.
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D.
Kantei
Kantei is the official office and residence complex of Japan’s Prime Minister, serving as the central hub of the country’s executive government.
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E.
Matsubara
Matsubara is a suburban city in Japan’s Kansai region, located within Osaka Prefecture and forming part of the Osaka metropolitan area.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Yamashita standard Target entity description: The Yamashita standard is a doctrine of command responsibility in international law that holds military commanders criminally liable for war crimes committed by their subordinates when they knew or should have known and failed to prevent or punish them.
-
A.
Nisshoki
Nisshoki, more commonly known as the Hinomaru, is the national flag of Japan featuring a red sun disc centered on a white field.
-
B.
Yamamoto
Yamamoto is a Japanese surname most famously associated with Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.
-
C.
Namba Marui
Namba Marui is a major Marui department store and shopping complex located in Osaka’s bustling Namba district, known for its fashion, dining, and entertainment options.
-
D.
Kantei
Kantei is the official office and residence complex of Japan’s Prime Minister, serving as the central hub of the country’s executive government.
-
E.
Matsubara
Matsubara is a suburban city in Japan’s Kansai region, located within Osaka Prefecture and forming part of the Osaka metropolitan area.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (43)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
legal doctrine
ⓘ
principle of command responsibility ⓘ |
| aimsTo |
deter war crimes by imposing responsibility on commanders
ⓘ
ensure accountability of military superiors ⓘ |
| appliesInContext |
armed conflict
ⓘ
occupation ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
military commanders
ⓘ
superior officers ⓘ |
| basisFor | assessing liability of commanders for failure to act ⓘ |
| concerns |
command responsibility
ⓘ
criminal liability ⓘ war crimes ⓘ |
| controversy |
criticized for breadth of liability
ⓘ
criticized for due process concerns ⓘ debated regarding standard of proof for knowledge ⓘ |
| coreIdea |
commanders may be held criminally liable for crimes committed by their subordinates
ⓘ
liability arises when commanders fail to prevent or punish subordinates’ crimes ⓘ liability arises when commanders knew or should have known of subordinates’ crimes ⓘ |
| distinguishesFrom | direct perpetration of crimes ⓘ |
| field |
international criminal law
ⓘ
law of armed conflict ⓘ |
| historicalContext | post–World War II war crimes trials ⓘ |
| influenced |
jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals
ⓘ
modern doctrine of superior responsibility ⓘ |
| legalEffect |
does not require direct participation in the crimes
ⓘ
does not require explicit orders to commit crimes ⓘ imposes criminal responsibility on commanders ⓘ |
| legalNature | mode of liability in international criminal law ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Tomoyuki Yamashita ⓘ |
| originatedFromCase |
Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita
ⓘ
surface form:
In re Yamashita
Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita ⓘ |
| originatedFromDecisionBy |
Supreme Court of the United States
ⓘ
surface form:
United States Supreme Court
|
| originatedFromYear | 1946 ⓘ |
| originatedIn | United States military tribunal for General Tomoyuki Yamashita ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
constructive knowledge
ⓘ
duty to prevent and punish ⓘ superior responsibility ⓘ |
| requires |
effective control over subordinates
ⓘ
existence of superior–subordinate relationship ⓘ failure to take necessary and reasonable measures ⓘ knowledge or constructive knowledge of crimes ⓘ |
| standardOfLiability | knew or should have known ⓘ |
| usedIn | subsequent war crimes jurisprudence ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Yamashita standard Description of subject: The Yamashita standard is a doctrine of command responsibility in international law that holds military commanders criminally liable for war crimes committed by their subordinates when they knew or should have known and failed to prevent or punish them.
Referenced by (5)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
United States military tribunal for General Tomoyuki Yamashita
→
legalPrecedent
→
Yamashita standard
ⓘ