Hazael of Aram-Damascus

E542950

ancient Near Eastern ruler biblical figure human king

Hazael of Aram-Damascus was a powerful 9th-century BCE king of Aram (Syria) known from biblical and Assyrian sources for his aggressive military campaigns against Israel and neighboring kingdoms.

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All labels observed (5)

Label	Occurrences
Hazael	4
Hazael king of Aram-Damascus	1
Hazael of Aram-Damascus canonical	1
Hazael of Damascus	1
King of Aram	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T5625729 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Hazael of Aram-Damascus
Context triple: [Jehoram of Israel, enemy, Hazael of Aram-Damascus]

A. Ben-hadad of Aram
Ben-hadad of Aram was a king of Aram-Damascus mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, known for his military conflicts with the Israelite kings.
B. Shallum
Shallum is a biblical figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the husband of the prophetess Huldah during the reign of King Josiah of Judah.
C. Zimri-Lim
Zimri-Lim was an early 18th-century BCE Amorite king of Mari in Mesopotamia, known from extensive palace archives that illuminate the politics and society of his time.
D. Shammah
Shammah is a lesser-known son of Jesse mentioned in the Bible, traditionally recognized as one of King David’s older brothers.
E. Cushan-Rishathaim
Cushan-Rishathaim is a foreign king mentioned in the biblical Book of Judges as an oppressor of Israel whom God delivered into the hands of the judge Othniel.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Hazael of Aram-Damascus
Target entity description: Hazael of Aram-Damascus was a powerful 9th-century BCE king of Aram (Syria) known from biblical and Assyrian sources for his aggressive military campaigns against Israel and neighboring kingdoms.

A. Ben-hadad of Aram
Ben-hadad of Aram was a king of Aram-Damascus mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, known for his military conflicts with the Israelite kings.
B. Shallum
Shallum is a biblical figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the husband of the prophetess Huldah during the reign of King Josiah of Judah.
C. Zimri-Lim
Zimri-Lim was an early 18th-century BCE Amorite king of Mari in Mesopotamia, known from extensive palace archives that illuminate the politics and society of his time.
D. Shammah
Shammah is a lesser-known son of Jesse mentioned in the Bible, traditionally recognized as one of King David’s older brothers.
E. Cushan-Rishathaim
Cushan-Rishathaim is a foreign king mentioned in the biblical Book of Judges as an oppressor of Israel whom God delivered into the hands of the judge Othniel.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (47)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	ancient Near Eastern ruler ⓘ biblical figure ⓘ human ⓘ king ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Hazael ⓘ linked to: Hazael of Aram-Damascus
approximateReignEnd	c. 800 BCE ⓘ
approximateReignStart	c. 843 BCE ⓘ
attestedBy	Shalmaneser III inscriptions ⓘ linked to: Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III Tel Dan Stele ⓘ linked to: Tel Dan
capital	Damascus ⓘ
conflictWith	Assyrian Empire ⓘ linked to: Neo-Assyrian Empire Kingdom of Israel ⓘ linked to: Northern Kingdom of Israel Kingdom of Judah ⓘ
countryRuled	Aram ⓘ linked to: Aram-naharaim Aram-Damascus ⓘ linked to: Damascus
culture	Aramean ⓘ
deathPlace	Damascus (probable) ⓘ linked to: Damascus
describedIn	Assyrian royal inscriptions ⓘ linked to: Assyrian inscriptions Hebrew Bible ⓘ linked to: Tanakh
dynasty	Aramean kings of Damascus ⓘ
expandedTerritoryInto	Philistia ⓘ Transjordan ⓘ northern Israel ⓘ
knownFor	aggressive military campaigns ⓘ wars against Israel ⓘ wars against Judah ⓘ wars against Philistia ⓘ wars against other Levantine kingdoms ⓘ
language	Aramaic ⓘ
mentionedIn	1 Kings ⓘ 2 Kings ⓘ Amos ⓘ
notableBattle	Battle against Shalmaneser III at Mount Senir (Saniru) ⓘ
notableFor	strengthening Aram-Damascus as a regional power ⓘ
positionHeld	king of Aram-Damascus ⓘ
predecessor	Ben-Hadad II ⓘ linked to: Ben-hadad of Aram
region	Levant ⓘ linked to: Levant region Syria ⓘ
religion	Aramean religion ⓘ
roleInBible	enemy of Israel ⓘ instrument of divine judgment in prophetic texts ⓘ
sourceType	Aramaic royal inscription ⓘ Assyrian annals ⓘ linked to: Assyrian inscriptions biblical narrative ⓘ
successor	Ben-Hadad III ⓘ linked to: Ben-hadad of Aram
timePeriod	9th century BCE ⓘ
usurpedThroneFrom	Ben-Hadad II ⓘ linked to: Ben-hadad of Aram

How these facts were elicited