Kellwasser horizons
E415307
The Kellwasser horizons are distinctive black shale layers in Late Devonian marine sediments that mark one of the major extinction pulses during the Late Devonian mass extinction.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Kellwasser horizons canonical | 2 |
| Lower Kellwasser event | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T4145622 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kellwasser horizons Context triple: [Late Devonian extinction, hasStratigraphicMarker, Kellwasser horizons]
-
A.
Kellaways Formation
The Kellaways Formation is a Middle Jurassic geological formation in England composed mainly of sandstones and mudstones, representing shallow marine and deltaic environments.
-
B.
Solnhofen Limestone
Solnhofen Limestone is a famous Late Jurassic lithographic limestone formation in Bavaria, Germany, renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved fossils, including the iconic Archaeopteryx.
-
C.
Areyonga Formation
The Areyonga Formation is a geological rock unit within central Australia's Amadeus Basin, known for its sedimentary sequences that record Proterozoic environmental and tectonic history.
-
D.
Hettange-Grande Formation
The Hettange-Grande Formation is an Early Jurassic (Hettangian) sedimentary rock unit in northeastern France that serves as the global stratotype (type section) for the base of the Jurassic System.
-
E.
Cloverly Formation
The Cloverly Formation is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in the western United States known for its dinosaur fossils and fluvial sedimentary deposits.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kellwasser horizons Target entity description: The Kellwasser horizons are distinctive black shale layers in Late Devonian marine sediments that mark one of the major extinction pulses during the Late Devonian mass extinction.
-
A.
Kellaways Formation
The Kellaways Formation is a Middle Jurassic geological formation in England composed mainly of sandstones and mudstones, representing shallow marine and deltaic environments.
-
B.
Solnhofen Limestone
Solnhofen Limestone is a famous Late Jurassic lithographic limestone formation in Bavaria, Germany, renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved fossils, including the iconic Archaeopteryx.
-
C.
Areyonga Formation
The Areyonga Formation is a geological rock unit within central Australia's Amadeus Basin, known for its sedimentary sequences that record Proterozoic environmental and tectonic history.
-
D.
Hettange-Grande Formation
The Hettange-Grande Formation is an Early Jurassic (Hettangian) sedimentary rock unit in northeastern France that serves as the global stratotype (type section) for the base of the Jurassic System.
-
E.
Cloverly Formation
The Cloverly Formation is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in the western United States known for its dinosaur fossils and fluvial sedimentary deposits.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (39)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
black shale unit
ⓘ
event bed ⓘ geological horizon ⓘ stratigraphic marker ⓘ |
| age | Frasnian–Famennian boundary interval ⓘ |
| associatedWith |
Late Devonian extinction
ⓘ
surface form:
Frasnian–Famennian extinction event
Late Devonian extinction ⓘ
surface form:
Late Devonian mass extinction
crisis in stromatoporoids and corals ⓘ decline of reef-building organisms ⓘ extinction of many marine invertebrate taxa ⓘ |
| contains |
laminated black shale
ⓘ
organic-rich mudstone ⓘ pyrite ⓘ |
| correlatesWith |
global sea-level changes in the Late Devonian
ⓘ
widespread marine anoxia events ⓘ |
| discoveredIn | 19th century ⓘ |
| environment | marine ⓘ |
| geochemicalSignature |
enrichment in redox-sensitive trace metals
ⓘ
high total organic carbon ⓘ negative carbon isotope excursions ⓘ |
| geologicalPeriod | Late Devonian ⓘ |
| lithology | black shale ⓘ |
| marks | extinction pulse during the Late Devonian mass extinction ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Kellwassertal in the Harz Mountains, Germany ⓘ |
| occursIn |
Europe
ⓘ
North America ⓘ global marine basins ⓘ |
| paleoenvironmentalInterpretation |
anoxic bottom-water conditions
ⓘ
eutrophication of marine basins ⓘ |
| researchTopicIn |
Devonian stratigraphy
ⓘ
mass extinction studies ⓘ paleoceanography ⓘ |
| significance | key marker for the Late Devonian biotic crisis ⓘ |
| stratigraphicPosition | uppermost Frasnian ⓘ |
| subdivision |
Lower Kellwasser horizon
ⓘ
Upper Kellwasser horizon ⓘ |
| temporalRelation | immediately precede the Frasnian–Famennian boundary ⓘ |
| usedAs |
biostratigraphic marker
ⓘ
chemostratigraphic marker ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Kellwasser horizons Description of subject: The Kellwasser horizons are distinctive black shale layers in Late Devonian marine sediments that mark one of the major extinction pulses during the Late Devonian mass extinction.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Lower Kellwasser event