Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
E294103
Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a “bail-in” provision that allows federal courts to place jurisdictions with proven intentional voting discrimination under preclearance requirements for changes to their election laws.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2618552 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Context triple: [Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, relatedTo, Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965]
-
A.
Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act is a federal provision that requires certain jurisdictions to provide bilingual election materials and language assistance to protect the voting rights of citizens with limited English proficiency.
-
B.
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act is a key provision that required certain jurisdictions with histories of racial discrimination in voting to obtain federal approval, or “preclearance,” before changing their voting laws or practices.
-
C.
Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act was the provision that established the coverage formula determining which jurisdictions were subject to federal preclearance requirements for changes to their voting laws.
-
D.
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act is a key federal provision that prohibits voting practices or procedures that discriminate on the basis of race, color, or membership in certain language minority groups.
-
E.
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982
The Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 were U.S. federal legislative changes that strengthened and extended protections against racial discrimination in voting, including by renewing key provisions and clarifying standards for proving discriminatory effects.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Target entity description: Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a “bail-in” provision that allows federal courts to place jurisdictions with proven intentional voting discrimination under preclearance requirements for changes to their election laws.
-
A.
Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act is a federal provision that requires certain jurisdictions to provide bilingual election materials and language assistance to protect the voting rights of citizens with limited English proficiency.
-
B.
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act is a key provision that required certain jurisdictions with histories of racial discrimination in voting to obtain federal approval, or “preclearance,” before changing their voting laws or practices.
-
C.
Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act was the provision that established the coverage formula determining which jurisdictions were subject to federal preclearance requirements for changes to their voting laws.
-
D.
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act is a key federal provision that prohibits voting practices or procedures that discriminate on the basis of race, color, or membership in certain language minority groups.
-
E.
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982
The Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 were U.S. federal legislative changes that strengthened and extended protections against racial discrimination in voting, including by renewing key provisions and clarifying standards for proving discriminatory effects.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
bail-in provision
ⓘ
provision of federal statute ⓘ |
| aimsToProtect | racial and language minority voters ⓘ |
| allows |
tailored preclearance coverage by court order
ⓘ
time-limited preclearance coverage ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
political subdivisions
ⓘ
states ⓘ |
| authorizes |
federal court bail-in of jurisdictions
ⓘ
imposition of preclearance requirements ⓘ |
| characterizedAs | case-by-case preclearance mechanism ⓘ |
| constitutionalBasis |
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
ⓘ
Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ
surface form:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
|
| covers |
changes in prerequisites to voting
ⓘ
changes in standards, practices, or procedures with respect to voting ⓘ changes in voting qualifications ⓘ |
| distinctFrom | geographic coverage formula of Section 4(b) ⓘ |
| enactedBy | United States Congress ⓘ |
| enactmentDate | 1965-08-06 ⓘ |
| enforcementActor |
United States Department of Justice
ⓘ
federal courts ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| legalCitation | 52 U.S.C. § 10302(c) ⓘ |
| legalEffect | shifts burden to jurisdiction to prove non-discrimination for covered changes ⓘ |
| legalMechanism | bail-in ⓘ |
| legalStandard | intentional discrimination ⓘ |
| notAffectedBy | invalidation of Section 4(b) coverage formula in Shelby County v. Holder ⓘ |
| partOf | Voting Rights Act of 1965 ⓘ |
| policyGoal |
deter intentional discrimination in voting
ⓘ
prevent future discriminatory voting changes ⓘ |
| previousCitation | 42 U.S.C. § 1973a(c) ⓘ |
| purpose |
to address intentional voting discrimination
ⓘ
to subject certain jurisdictions to preclearance ⓘ |
| relationshipToSection5 | provides alternative path to preclearance coverage ⓘ |
| remedyType | equitable relief ⓘ |
| requires |
court order specifying covered practices and duration
ⓘ
judicial finding of constitutional violation in voting ⓘ |
| requiresPreclearanceFrom |
United States Attorney General
ⓘ
surface form:
Attorney General of the United States
United States District Court for the District of Columbia ⓘ |
| scope | prospective regulation of election law changes ⓘ |
| signedIntoLawBy | Lyndon B. Johnson ⓘ |
| survivedDecision | Shelby County v. Holder ⓘ |
| triggerCondition |
finding of intentional discrimination in voting
ⓘ
violation of the Fifteenth Amendment ⓘ violation of the Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ |
| typeOfRelief | structural injunction ⓘ |
| usedIn | post-2013 voting rights litigation ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Description of subject: Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a “bail-in” provision that allows federal courts to place jurisdictions with proven intentional voting discrimination under preclearance requirements for changes to their election laws.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965