Spiro Mounds
E227090
Spiro Mounds is a significant pre-Columbian archaeological site in present-day Oklahoma, known for its large earthen mounds and role as a major ceremonial and trade center of the Mississippian culture.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Spiro Mounds canonical | 5 |
| Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center | 3 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1949864 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Spiro Mounds Context triple: [Mississippian culture, majorSite, Spiro Mounds]
-
A.
Etowah Indian Mounds
Etowah Indian Mounds is a significant prehistoric archaeological site in Georgia featuring large earthen mounds built by the Mississippian peoples between roughly 1000 and 1550 CE.
-
B.
Moundville Archaeological Park
Moundville Archaeological Park is a major pre-Columbian Native American site featuring large earthen mounds and artifacts from the Mississippian culture, located along the Black Warrior River in Alabama.
-
C.
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park is a protected archaeological and cultural site preserving ancient Native American earthen mounds and artifacts along the Ocmulgee River.
-
D.
Mound City
Mound City is a historical nickname for St. Louis, Missouri, referencing the region’s ancient Native American earthwork mounds.
-
E.
Cactus Hill site
Cactus Hill site is an archaeological location in southeastern Virginia notable for evidence suggesting some of the earliest human occupation in North America, potentially predating the Clovis culture.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Spiro Mounds Target entity description: Spiro Mounds is a significant pre-Columbian archaeological site in present-day Oklahoma, known for its large earthen mounds and role as a major ceremonial and trade center of the Mississippian culture.
-
A.
Etowah Indian Mounds
Etowah Indian Mounds is a significant prehistoric archaeological site in Georgia featuring large earthen mounds built by the Mississippian peoples between roughly 1000 and 1550 CE.
-
B.
Moundville Archaeological Park
Moundville Archaeological Park is a major pre-Columbian Native American site featuring large earthen mounds and artifacts from the Mississippian culture, located along the Black Warrior River in Alabama.
-
C.
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park is a protected archaeological and cultural site preserving ancient Native American earthen mounds and artifacts along the Ocmulgee River.
-
D.
Mound City
Mound City is a historical nickname for St. Louis, Missouri, referencing the region’s ancient Native American earthwork mounds.
-
E.
Cactus Hill site
Cactus Hill site is an archaeological location in southeastern Virginia notable for evidence suggesting some of the earliest human occupation in North America, potentially predating the Clovis culture.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Mississippian culture site
ⓘ
archaeological site ⓘ prehistoric Native American site ⓘ |
| associatedWith |
Caddoan languages
ⓘ
surface form:
Caddoan-speaking peoples
southeastern ceremonial complex ⓘ
surface form:
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
ancestors of the Caddo Nation ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| culture | Mississippian culture ⓘ |
| currentUse |
archaeological park
ⓘ
public interpretive site ⓘ |
| discoveredByArchaeology | early 20th century ⓘ |
| endDate | circa 1450 CE ⓘ |
| excavatedBy |
University of Oklahoma archaeologists
ⓘ
WPA-sponsored projects ⓘ |
| firstMajorExcavations | 1930s ⓘ |
| hasPart |
Craig Mound
ⓘ
burial mounds ⓘ earthen mounds ⓘ platform mounds ⓘ residential areas ⓘ |
| hasUse |
ceremonial center
ⓘ
political center ⓘ trade center ⓘ |
| hasVisitorCenter |
Spiro Mounds
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
|
| heritageDesignation | National Historic Landmark ⓘ |
| heritageDesignationDate | 1964 ⓘ |
| knownFor |
copper plates
ⓘ
elaborate funerary offerings ⓘ long-distance trade goods ⓘ shell engravings ⓘ stone effigy pipes ⓘ textile and basketry remains ⓘ |
| locatedIn |
Le Flore County, Oklahoma
ⓘ
Oklahoma ⓘ |
| locatedInRegion |
Arkansas River region
ⓘ
surface form:
Arkansas River Valley
|
| locatedNear | Spiro, Oklahoma ⓘ |
| locatedOn | north bank of the Arkansas River ⓘ |
| managedBy | Oklahoma Historical Society ⓘ |
| notableFeature |
large central mound complex
ⓘ
rich mortuary artifacts ⓘ |
| openToPublic | true ⓘ |
| partOf |
Caddo
ⓘ
surface form:
Caddoan Mississippian culture
|
| peakActivity | circa 1200–1400 CE ⓘ |
| period |
Late Woodland cultures
ⓘ
surface form:
Late Woodland period
Mississippian period ⓘ pre-Columbian era ⓘ |
| startDate | circa 800 CE ⓘ |
| tradedWith |
Great Lakes region
ⓘ
Gulf Coast regions ⓘ
surface form:
Gulf Coast region
Mesoamerica ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Spiro Mounds Description of subject: Spiro Mounds is a significant pre-Columbian archaeological site in present-day Oklahoma, known for its large earthen mounds and role as a major ceremonial and trade center of the Mississippian culture.
Referenced by (8)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
this entity surface form:
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
this entity surface form:
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
this entity surface form:
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center