Illinois v. Gates
E123411
Illinois v. Gates is a 1983 U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the "totality of the circumstances" test for determining whether an informant’s tip provides probable cause for issuing a search warrant.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Illinois v. Gates canonical | 3 |
| Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983) | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1076328 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Illinois v. Gates Context triple: [Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, landmarkCase, Illinois v. Gates]
-
A.
Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona is a landmark 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the requirement for police to inform criminal suspects of their rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present during custodial interrogations.
-
B.
Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio is a landmark 1961 U.S. Supreme Court case that applied the exclusionary rule to the states, holding that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in state criminal prosecutions.
-
C.
Escobedo v. Illinois
Escobedo v. Illinois is a landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that expanded the Sixth Amendment right to counsel during police interrogations and helped lay the groundwork for the later Miranda warnings.
-
D.
Gebhart v. Belton
Gebhart v. Belton was a landmark Delaware school segregation case whose rulings in favor of Black students became one of the four consolidated cases decided in Brown v. Board of Education, contributing to the Supreme Court’s rejection of “separate but equal” in public education.
-
E.
Maryland v. Wirtz
Maryland v. Wirtz was a 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the extension of federal minimum wage and overtime provisions to employees of state-operated schools and hospitals under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Illinois v. Gates Target entity description: Illinois v. Gates is a 1983 U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the "totality of the circumstances" test for determining whether an informant’s tip provides probable cause for issuing a search warrant.
-
A.
Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona is a landmark 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the requirement for police to inform criminal suspects of their rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present during custodial interrogations.
-
B.
Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio is a landmark 1961 U.S. Supreme Court case that applied the exclusionary rule to the states, holding that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in state criminal prosecutions.
-
C.
Escobedo v. Illinois
Escobedo v. Illinois is a landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that expanded the Sixth Amendment right to counsel during police interrogations and helped lay the groundwork for the later Miranda warnings.
-
D.
Gebhart v. Belton
Gebhart v. Belton was a landmark Delaware school segregation case whose rulings in favor of Black students became one of the four consolidated cases decided in Brown v. Board of Education, contributing to the Supreme Court’s rejection of “separate but equal” in public education.
-
E.
Maryland v. Wirtz
Maryland v. Wirtz was a 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the extension of federal minimum wage and overtime provisions to employees of state-operated schools and hospitals under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (45)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Fourth Amendment case
ⓘ
United States Supreme Court case ⓘ criminal procedure case ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
federal criminal prosecutions
ⓘ
state criminal prosecutions ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
criminal investigations
ⓘ
search and seizure ⓘ |
| chiefJusticeAtDecision | Warren E. Burger ⓘ |
| citation |
Illinois v. Gates
self-linksurface differs
ⓘ
surface form:
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)
|
| citationStyle | 462 U.S. 213 ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvision | Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1983-06-08 ⓘ |
| decisionType | majority opinion ⓘ |
| factPattern |
Police corroborated parts of the anonymous tip through surveillance before seeking a warrant.
ⓘ
Police received an anonymous letter alleging that Lance and Susan Gates were engaged in drug trafficking. ⓘ |
| fullCaseName | Illinois v. Gates self-link ⓘ |
| holding |
The Fourth Amendment probable cause determination for issuing a search warrant is based on a totality of the circumstances test.
ⓘ
The rigid two-pronged Aguilar–Spinelli test is abandoned in favor of a more flexible totality of the circumstances approach. ⓘ |
| impact |
Became the leading Supreme Court precedent on probable cause based on informant information.
ⓘ
Made it easier for law enforcement to use informant tips to obtain search warrants. ⓘ |
| influenced | later Supreme Court and lower court decisions on anonymous tips and probable cause ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| languageOfDecision | English ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
probable cause standard for search warrants
ⓘ
use of informant tips to establish probable cause ⓘ |
| legalPrinciple | probable cause is a fluid concept turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy | William H. Rehnquist ⓘ |
| overruledDoctrine | Aguilar–Spinelli test ⓘ |
| page | 213 ⓘ |
| precedentFor |
evaluation of informant reliability and basis of knowledge
ⓘ
probable cause determinations based on anonymous tips ⓘ |
| reasoning |
A deficiency in one factor, such as an informant’s veracity, may be compensated for by a strong showing on another factor, such as basis of knowledge or corroboration.
ⓘ
Probable cause is a practical, common-sense decision based on all circumstances set forth in the affidavit. ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Aguilar v. Texas
ⓘ
Spinelli v. United States ⓘ |
| reporter | United States Reports ⓘ |
| result | The search warrant for the Gateses’ car and home was upheld as supported by probable cause. ⓘ |
| standardAnnounced | totality of the circumstances test for probable cause ⓘ |
| stateParty | Illinois ⓘ |
| subjectMatter | search warrant based on anonymous informant tip ⓘ |
| subjectOf | numerous criminal procedure casebooks and law review articles ⓘ |
| volume | 462 ⓘ |
| yearDecided | 1983 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Illinois v. Gates Description of subject: Illinois v. Gates is a 1983 U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the "totality of the circumstances" test for determining whether an informant’s tip provides probable cause for issuing a search warrant.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)