Philippine–American War

E11641

armed conflict colonial war war

The Philippine–American War was an armed conflict from 1899 to 1902 in which the United States fought Filipino revolutionaries seeking independence, marking a key episode in American imperial expansion in Asia.

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All labels observed (15)

Label	Occurrences
Philippine–American War canonical	118
American occupation of the Philippines	2
Philippine Insurrection	2
American colonial period in the Philippines	1
Outbreak of the Philippine–American War	1
PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION	1
Philippine War of Independence against the United States	1
Philippine campaign	1
Philippine–American War (as early service context, cavalry duty in the Philippines)	1
Philippine–American War (late stages)	1
Philippine–American War era	1
Philippine–American War guerrilla phase	1
Tagalog War	1
U.S. pacification campaigns in the Philippines	1
United States forces in the Philippines	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T61395 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Philippine–American War
Context triple: [Spanish–American War, followedBy, Philippine–American War]

A. Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that marked the emergence of the U.S. as a global power and led to American control over former Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific.
B. Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War was a mid-19th-century conflict between the United States and Mexico that resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S., including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, and other southwestern lands.
C. Cuban War of Independence
The Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898) was the final and most significant Cuban uprising against Spanish colonial rule, ultimately leading to U.S. intervention and the end of Spain’s empire in the Americas.
D. Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
The Philippines campaign (1941–1942) was the early World War II battle in which Japanese forces invaded and ultimately captured the U.S.-controlled Philippine Islands after prolonged resistance by American and Filipino troops.
E. First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War was an 1894–1895 conflict between Qing dynasty China and Meiji Japan that marked Japan’s emergence as a major regional power and led to Chinese territorial losses, including Taiwan.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Philippine–American War
Target entity description: The Philippine–American War was an armed conflict from 1899 to 1902 in which the United States fought Filipino revolutionaries seeking independence, marking a key episode in American imperial expansion in Asia.

A. Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that marked the emergence of the U.S. as a global power and led to American control over former Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific.
B. Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War was a mid-19th-century conflict between the United States and Mexico that resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S., including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, and other southwestern lands.
C. Cuban War of Independence
The Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898) was the final and most significant Cuban uprising against Spanish colonial rule, ultimately leading to U.S. intervention and the end of Spain’s empire in the Americas.
D. Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
The Philippines campaign (1941–1942) was the early World War II battle in which Japanese forces invaded and ultimately captured the U.S.-controlled Philippine Islands after prolonged resistance by American and Filipino troops.
E. First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War was an 1894–1895 conflict between Qing dynasty China and Meiji Japan that marked Japan’s emergence as a major regional power and led to Chinese territorial losses, including Taiwan.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (49)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	armed conflict ⓘ colonial war ⓘ war ⓘ
alsoKnownAs	Philippine–American War ⓘ surface form: Philippine Insurrection Philippine–American War ⓘ surface form: Philippine War of Independence against the United States
belligerent	Filipino revolutionaries ⓘ First Philippine Republic ⓘ United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
cause	Filipino struggle for independence ⓘ U.S. annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War ⓘ
combatant	Katipunan veterans ⓘ Philippine Revolutionary Army ⓘ United States Army ⓘ United States Navy ⓘ
commander	Antonio Luna ⓘ Arthur MacArthur Jr. ⓘ Elwell Stephen Otis ⓘ Emilio Aguinaldo ⓘ Frederick Funston ⓘ Henry Ware Lawton ⓘ Miguel Malvar ⓘ
conflictType	independence war ⓘ
countryInvolved	Philippines ⓘ United States of America ⓘ surface form: United States
dateOfFormalEnd	1902-07-04 ⓘ
deathTollEstimate	200000 Filipino civilians ⓘ over 4000 American soldiers ⓘ thousands of Filipino combatants ⓘ
endDate	1902-07-02 ⓘ
followedBy	Moro Rebellion ⓘ
hasPhase	conventional warfare phase ⓘ guerrilla warfare phase ⓘ
historicalPeriod	turn of the 20th century ⓘ
legalStatus	formally ended by proclamation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt ⓘ
location	Philippines ⓘ
opponent	Philippine Revolutionary Army ⓘ United States Army ⓘ
partOf	American imperial expansion in Asia ⓘ Philippine Revolution ⓘ surface form: Philippine Revolution era
precededBy	Spanish–American War ⓘ
result	American victory ⓘ U.S. colonial rule over the Philippines ⓘ dissolution of the First Philippine Republic ⓘ
significance	key episode in American imperialism ⓘ major conflict in Philippine struggle for independence ⓘ
significantEvent	Balangiga massacre ⓘ Battle of Manila (1899) ⓘ capture of Emilio Aguinaldo ⓘ
startDate	1899-02-04 ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (134)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Spanish–American War → hasPart → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: Philippine campaign

Spanish–American War → followedBy → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Treaty of Paris (1898) → influencedEvent → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Age of Imperialism → hasPart → Philippine–American War ⓘ

George Dewey → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine–American War → alsoKnownAs → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: Philippine Insurrection

Philippine–American War → alsoKnownAs → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: Philippine War of Independence against the United States

Arthur MacArthur Jr. → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Jonathan M. Wainwright → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

United States Volunteers → raisedDuring → Philippine–American War ⓘ

United States Volunteers → notableConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

John J. Pershing → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Alfred W. McCoy → hasWrittenAbout → Philippine–American War ⓘ

William D. Leahy → militaryConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

United States Cavalry → activeInConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Gregorio Aglipay → participantIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine Revolution → followedBy → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine Revolution → alsoKnownAs → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: Tagalog War

Manuel L. Quezon → participatedIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Plan of Baguio → era → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: American colonial period in the Philippines

First Philippine Republic → establishedDuring → Philippine–American War ⓘ

First Philippine Republic → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine Revolutionary Army → activeInConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Balangiga massacre → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Balangiga massacre → partOf → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Emilio Aguinaldo → participantIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Asiatic Squadron → supportedOperation → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: American occupation of the Philippines

Antonio Luna → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Frederick Funston → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Frederick Funston → medalOfHonorActionConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Declaration of Philippine Independence → relatedConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Moro Rebellion → partOf → Philippine–American War ⓘ

John A. Lejeune → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine Scouts → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Frederick Dent Grant → participantIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Battle of Manila (1899) → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Battle of Manila (1899) → partOf → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Battle of Manila (1899) → alsoKnownAs → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: Outbreak of the Philippine–American War

Miguel Malvar → movement → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Miguel Malvar → participantIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Miguel Malvar → surrenderedTo → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: United States forces in the Philippines

Miguel Malvar → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

José Palma → participantIn → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Buffalo Soldiers → activeInConflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment → conflictParticipated → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Military Governor of the Philippines → appliesToEvent → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: American occupation of the Philippines

Philippine Campaign Medal → conflict → Philippine–American War ⓘ

Philippine Campaign Medal → obverseInscription → Philippine–American War ⓘ

this entity surface form: PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION

Administration of the Philippines as military governor → historicalContext → Philippine–American War ⓘ

All labels observed (15)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (49)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (134)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited