Triple

T9303564
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Emmanuel Saez E223825 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications
"The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications" is a highly influential economics paper by Emmanuel Saez that analyzes how taxpayers respond to changes in marginal tax rates and draws policy conclusions for optimal tax design.
E790055 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications | Statement: [Emmanuel Saez, notableWork, The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications
Context triple: [Emmanuel Saez, notableWork, The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications]
  • A. Frisch elasticity of labor supply
    The Frisch elasticity of labor supply is an economic measure that captures how responsive individuals’ labor supply is to changes in wages when their expected lifetime wealth is held constant.
  • B. The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks
    "The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks" is an influential empirical economics paper that quantifies how exogenous tax policy changes impact output and other key macroeconomic variables.
  • C. Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
    Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
  • D. Inequality Reexamined
    Inequality Reexamined is a philosophical and economic work by Amartya Sen that critically analyzes traditional views of inequality and justice through his capabilities approach.
  • E. Miti e paradossi della giustizia tributaria
    "Miti e paradossi della giustizia tributaria" is an essay by Italian economist and statesman Luigi Einaudi that critically examines the principles, contradictions, and practical injustices of the tax justice system.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications
Triple: [Emmanuel Saez, notableWork, The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications]
Generated description
"The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications" is a highly influential economics paper by Emmanuel Saez that analyzes how taxpayers respond to changes in marginal tax rates and draws policy conclusions for optimal tax design.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications
Target entity description: "The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications" is a highly influential economics paper by Emmanuel Saez that analyzes how taxpayers respond to changes in marginal tax rates and draws policy conclusions for optimal tax design.
  • A. Frisch elasticity of labor supply
    The Frisch elasticity of labor supply is an economic measure that captures how responsive individuals’ labor supply is to changes in wages when their expected lifetime wealth is held constant.
  • B. The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks
    "The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks" is an influential empirical economics paper that quantifies how exogenous tax policy changes impact output and other key macroeconomic variables.
  • C. Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
    Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
  • D. Inequality Reexamined
    Inequality Reexamined is a philosophical and economic work by Amartya Sen that critically analyzes traditional views of inequality and justice through his capabilities approach.
  • E. Miti e paradossi della giustizia tributaria
    "Miti e paradossi della giustizia tributaria" is an essay by Italian economist and statesman Luigi Einaudi that critically examines the principles, contradictions, and practical injustices of the tax justice system.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ca8424d0f08190831e2e93c6533aeb completed March 30, 2026, 2:09 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69cd08d4c5e48190aa8c744a158e5fbb completed April 1, 2026, noon
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69d0b26ae3c881909e88f0253e73f0ea completed April 4, 2026, 6:40 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69d0b3ba0bd88190873816ec7e7929a7 completed April 4, 2026, 6:46 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69d0b49ec4c88190a48909e7022d7e60 completed April 4, 2026, 6:50 a.m.
Created at: March 30, 2026, 7:36 p.m.