Triple
T8946075
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Nicholas Kaldor |
E213223
|
entity |
| Predicate | notableIdea |
P4
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
|
E768026
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal | Statement: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal Context triple: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
-
A.
1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation"
The 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation" is Frank P. Ramsey’s foundational work in public economics that introduced the optimal taxation framework now known as Ramsey pricing.
-
B.
A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
-
C.
Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion
The Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion is an economic efficiency test stating that a policy change is desirable if those who gain could in principle compensate those who lose and still be better off, regardless of whether compensation actually occurs.
-
D.
On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System
"On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System" was a key 1921 Bolshevik policy document that introduced the New Economic Policy by replacing War Communism’s grain requisitioning with a tax in kind on peasants.
-
E.
Cambridge capital controversies
The Cambridge capital controversies were a mid-20th-century debate between economists in Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts over the measurement and role of capital in production and distribution, which challenged key assumptions of neoclassical economics.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal Triple: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
Generated description
Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal Target entity description: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
-
A.
1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation"
The 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation" is Frank P. Ramsey’s foundational work in public economics that introduced the optimal taxation framework now known as Ramsey pricing.
-
B.
A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
-
C.
Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion
The Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion is an economic efficiency test stating that a policy change is desirable if those who gain could in principle compensate those who lose and still be better off, regardless of whether compensation actually occurs.
-
D.
On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System
"On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System" was a key 1921 Bolshevik policy document that introduced the New Economic Policy by replacing War Communism’s grain requisitioning with a tax in kind on peasants.
-
E.
Cambridge capital controversies
The Cambridge capital controversies were a mid-20th-century debate between economists in Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts over the measurement and role of capital in production and distribution, which challenged key assumptions of neoclassical economics.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69ca839843408190a39069a029a89f15 |
completed | March 30, 2026, 2:07 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69cc66dd00c481908ff20fd66c1954cc |
completed | April 1, 2026, 12:29 a.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69cfc1fcb44481908324220aeba1f4e2 |
completed | April 3, 2026, 1:34 p.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69cfc31798ec81908c200dd17be5e785 |
completed | April 3, 2026, 1:39 p.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69cfc44441208190a6b588c0609511fb |
completed | April 3, 2026, 1:44 p.m. |
Created at: March 30, 2026, 6:59 p.m.