Triple

T8946075
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Nicholas Kaldor E213223 entity
Predicate notableIdea P4 FINISHED
Object Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
E768026 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal | Statement: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
Context triple: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
  • A. 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation"
    The 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation" is Frank P. Ramsey’s foundational work in public economics that introduced the optimal taxation framework now known as Ramsey pricing.
  • B. A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
    A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
  • C. Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion
    The Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion is an economic efficiency test stating that a policy change is desirable if those who gain could in principle compensate those who lose and still be better off, regardless of whether compensation actually occurs.
  • D. On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System
    "On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System" was a key 1921 Bolshevik policy document that introduced the New Economic Policy by replacing War Communism’s grain requisitioning with a tax in kind on peasants.
  • E. Cambridge capital controversies
    The Cambridge capital controversies were a mid-20th-century debate between economists in Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts over the measurement and role of capital in production and distribution, which challenged key assumptions of neoclassical economics.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
Triple: [Nicholas Kaldor, notableIdea, Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal]
Generated description
Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal
Target entity description: Kaldor’s expenditure tax proposal is an economic policy idea advocating a shift from taxing income to taxing individual consumption, aiming to promote savings and investment while simplifying the tax system.
  • A. 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation"
    The 1927 paper "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation" is Frank P. Ramsey’s foundational work in public economics that introduced the optimal taxation framework now known as Ramsey pricing.
  • B. A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System
    A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System is a 19th-century economic work by John Ramsay McCulloch that systematically analyzes taxation, public finance, and government debt and their effects on the economy.
  • C. Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion
    The Hicks–Kaldor compensation criterion is an economic efficiency test stating that a policy change is desirable if those who gain could in principle compensate those who lose and still be better off, regardless of whether compensation actually occurs.
  • D. On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System
    "On the Substitution of a Tax in Kind for the Surplus-Grain Appropriation System" was a key 1921 Bolshevik policy document that introduced the New Economic Policy by replacing War Communism’s grain requisitioning with a tax in kind on peasants.
  • E. Cambridge capital controversies
    The Cambridge capital controversies were a mid-20th-century debate between economists in Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts over the measurement and role of capital in production and distribution, which challenged key assumptions of neoclassical economics.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ca839843408190a39069a029a89f15 completed March 30, 2026, 2:07 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69cc66dd00c481908ff20fd66c1954cc completed April 1, 2026, 12:29 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69cfc1fcb44481908324220aeba1f4e2 completed April 3, 2026, 1:34 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69cfc31798ec81908c200dd17be5e785 completed April 3, 2026, 1:39 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69cfc44441208190a6b588c0609511fb completed April 3, 2026, 1:44 p.m.
Created at: March 30, 2026, 6:59 p.m.