Triple

T604321
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Hans Bethe E11562 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Bethe formula for stopping power
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
E75705 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Bethe formula for stopping power | Statement: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe formula for stopping power]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe formula for stopping power
Context triple: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe formula for stopping power]
  • A. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • B. Huang–Rhys factor
    The Huang–Rhys factor is a dimensionless parameter in solid-state and molecular spectroscopy that quantifies the strength of electron–phonon (vibronic) coupling during electronic transitions.
  • C. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • D. Smoluchowski coagulation equation
    The Smoluchowski coagulation equation is a fundamental integro-differential equation in statistical physics that models how particles undergoing random collisions aggregate over time into larger clusters.
  • E. Oppenheimer–Phillips process
    The Oppenheimer–Phillips process is a nuclear reaction mechanism in which a deuteron interacting with a target nucleus effectively transfers its neutron while the proton is repelled, enabling certain reactions to occur at lower energies than would otherwise be required.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Bethe formula for stopping power
Triple: [Hans Bethe, notableWork, Bethe formula for stopping power]
Generated description
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe formula for stopping power
Target entity description: The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
  • A. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • B. Huang–Rhys factor
    The Huang–Rhys factor is a dimensionless parameter in solid-state and molecular spectroscopy that quantifies the strength of electron–phonon (vibronic) coupling during electronic transitions.
  • C. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • D. Smoluchowski coagulation equation
    The Smoluchowski coagulation equation is a fundamental integro-differential equation in statistical physics that models how particles undergoing random collisions aggregate over time into larger clusters.
  • E. Oppenheimer–Phillips process
    The Oppenheimer–Phillips process is a nuclear reaction mechanism in which a deuteron interacting with a target nucleus effectively transfers its neutron while the proton is repelled, enabling certain reactions to occur at lower energies than would otherwise be required.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a4932779b881908688590d59c71900 completed March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49dc67b248190b0bb195553f03be8 completed March 1, 2026, 8:12 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a523898af08190bfa7e73ab6e1c7f3 completed March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a5242b276c8190a136453a02d59e0a completed March 2, 2026, 5:46 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a5248026bc819094065322e0930098 completed March 2, 2026, 5:47 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:35 p.m.