Triple

T596101
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED E17385 entity
Predicate relatedWork P37 FINISHED
Object Dyson’s papers on the S-matrix in quantum electrodynamics E9111 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (2 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Dyson’s papers on the S-matrix in quantum electrodynamics | Statement: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, relatedWork, Dyson’s papers on the S-matrix in quantum electrodynamics]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07 
Target entity: Dyson’s papers on the S-matrix in quantum electrodynamics
Context triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, relatedWork, Dyson’s papers on the S-matrix in quantum electrodynamics]
  • A. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • B. Dirac equation
    The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
  • C. Faddeev’s axioms
    Faddeev’s axioms are a set of conditions characterizing Shannon entropy in information theory, providing an alternative but equivalent axiomatization to the Shannon–Khinchin framework.
  • D. S-matrix chosen
    The S-matrix (scattering matrix) is a fundamental construct in quantum field theory that encodes the probabilities for transitions between initial and final particle states in scattering processes.
  • E. On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
    "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
  • F. None of above.
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Provenance (3 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a49379d09c8190ac7e00b24e2810b1 completed March 1, 2026, 7:28 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49bd3e5e08190be95cb2009aad42d completed March 1, 2026, 8:04 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a529220bc4819087e9de129139b6ef completed March 2, 2026, 6:07 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.