Triple
T596067
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED |
E17385
|
entity |
| Predicate | demonstratesEquivalenceOf |
P6530
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED
The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
|
E71910
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED | Statement: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED Context triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
-
A.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
B.
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
-
C.
Euclidean quantum field theory
Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
-
D.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
E.
Feynman diagrams
Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED Triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
Generated description
The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED Target entity description: The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
-
A.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
B.
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
chosen
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
-
C.
Euclidean quantum field theory
Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
-
D.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
E.
Feynman diagrams
Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
- F. None of above.
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a49379d09c8190ac7e00b24e2810b1 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 7:28 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69a49d2a5f5481908bb9a71ff0f534d4 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 8:10 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69a5238759c88190b1a960291c758447 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69a524233d34819092c15fdc9d6b6411 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:46 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69a524a0b00c8190951d1e279226ef50 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 5:48 a.m. |
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.