Triple

T596067
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED E17385 entity
Predicate demonstratesEquivalenceOf P6530 FINISHED
Object Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED
The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
E71910 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED | Statement: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED
Context triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
  • A. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • B. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • C. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • D. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • E. Feynman diagrams
    Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED
Triple: [Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED, demonstratesEquivalenceOf, Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED]
Generated description
The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED
Target entity description: The Schwinger–Tomonaga formulation of QED is a covariant operator-based approach to quantum electrodynamics that describes the evolution of quantum fields on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, providing a rigorous foundation equivalent to Feynman’s diagrammatic method.
  • A. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • B. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation chosen
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • C. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • D. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • E. Feynman diagrams
    Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
  • F. None of above.

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a49379d09c8190ac7e00b24e2810b1 completed March 1, 2026, 7:28 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49d2a5f5481908bb9a71ff0f534d4 completed March 1, 2026, 8:10 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a5238759c88190b1a960291c758447 completed March 2, 2026, 5:43 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a524233d34819092c15fdc9d6b6411 completed March 2, 2026, 5:46 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a524a0b00c8190951d1e279226ef50 completed March 2, 2026, 5:48 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.