Triple
T5877439
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Schwinger–Dyson equations |
E130660
|
entity |
| Predicate | relatedTo |
P37
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Ward–Takahashi identities
The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
|
E553293
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Ward–Takahashi identities | Statement: [Schwinger–Dyson equations, relatedTo, Ward–Takahashi identities]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Ward–Takahashi identities Context triple: [Schwinger–Dyson equations, relatedTo, Ward–Takahashi identities]
-
A.
Schwinger–Dyson equations
The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
-
B.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
C.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
D.
Wick’s theorem
Wick’s theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered products of field operators as sums of normal-ordered products with all possible contractions, forming the basis for deriving Feynman rules and diagrammatic expansions.
-
E.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Ward–Takahashi identities Triple: [Schwinger–Dyson equations, relatedTo, Ward–Takahashi identities]
Generated description
The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Ward–Takahashi identities Target entity description: The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
-
A.
Schwinger–Dyson equations
The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
-
B.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
C.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
D.
Wick’s theorem
Wick’s theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered products of field operators as sums of normal-ordered products with all possible contractions, forming the basis for deriving Feynman rules and diagrammatic expansions.
-
E.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69c0085523688190bfd487479ce819e6 |
completed | March 22, 2026, 3:18 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69c03630eefc8190ad1aaa1919ecf97f |
completed | March 22, 2026, 6:34 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69c0b12861c081909f95f1ef6a1f457c |
completed | March 23, 2026, 3:19 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69c0b299fe78819089a2ca8a1ae44329 |
completed | March 23, 2026, 3:25 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69c0b2ea7e60819099417b5acb21f8d0 |
completed | March 23, 2026, 3:26 a.m. |
Created at: March 22, 2026, 3:57 p.m.