Triple

T573569
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Sin-Itiro Tomonaga E13714 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
E71910 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation | Statement: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
Context triple: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
  • A. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • B. Dirac equation
    The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
  • C. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • D. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • E. Fokker–Planck equation
    The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
Triple: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
Generated description
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
Target entity description: The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • A. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • B. Dirac equation
    The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
  • C. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • D. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • E. Fokker–Planck equation
    The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a4933fa4d88190a7949cc83c08c5c1 completed March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a49b4ae0988190bdd0ad428b784d85 completed March 1, 2026, 8:02 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a4ff4c3df48190a886a8d3c633d417 completed March 2, 2026, 3:09 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a4ffcad6e08190938018ade5bc5d67 completed March 2, 2026, 3:11 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a5001de9c481909d43c001028c922c completed March 2, 2026, 3:12 a.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.