Triple
T573569
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Sin-Itiro Tomonaga |
E13714
|
entity |
| Predicate | knownFor |
P22
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
|
E71910
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation | Statement: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation Context triple: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
-
C.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
D.
Schwinger functions
Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
-
E.
Fokker–Planck equation
The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation Triple: [Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, knownFor, Tomonaga–Schwinger equation]
Generated description
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Tomonaga–Schwinger equation Target entity description: The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a fundamental relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics that describes spin-½ particles such as electrons and predicts phenomena like antimatter.
-
C.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
D.
Schwinger functions
Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
-
E.
Fokker–Planck equation
The Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of a stochastic (random) process, such as Brownian motion.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a4933fa4d88190a7949cc83c08c5c1 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 7:27 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69a49b4ae0988190bdd0ad428b784d85 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 8:02 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69a4ff4c3df48190a886a8d3c633d417 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 3:09 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69a4ffcad6e08190938018ade5bc5d67 |
completed | March 2, 2026, 3:11 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69a5001de9c481909d43c001028c922c |
completed | March 2, 2026, 3:12 a.m. |
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:33 p.m.