Triple

T4381860
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject International Association for Cryptologic Research E99148 entity
Predicate foundedBy P104 FINISHED
Object David Chaum
David Chaum is an American cryptographer and computer scientist widely regarded as a pioneer of digital cash and modern cryptographic privacy technologies.
 E445591 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: David Chaum | Statement: [International Association for Cryptologic Research, foundedBy, David Chaum]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07 
Target entity: David Chaum
Context triple: [International Association for Cryptologic Research, foundedBy, David Chaum]
  • A. Ralph Merkle
    Ralph Merkle is an American computer scientist and cryptographer known as a pioneer of public-key cryptography and for contributions such as Merkle trees and Merkle–Damgård hashing.
  • B. Martin Hellman
    Martin Hellman is an American cryptologist best known as a co-inventor of public-key cryptography, which revolutionized secure digital communication.
  • C. Whitfield Diffie
    Whitfield Diffie is an American cryptographer best known as a pioneer of public-key cryptography, whose work revolutionized secure digital communication.
  • D. Silvio Micali
    Silvio Micali is an Italian computer scientist renowned for his foundational contributions to cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure protocols.
  • E. Ronald L. Rivest
    Ronald L. Rivest is an American cryptographer and computer scientist best known as one of the co-inventors of the RSA public-key cryptosystem and a pioneer in modern cryptography.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: David Chaum
Triple: [International Association for Cryptologic Research, foundedBy, David Chaum]
Generated description
David Chaum is an American cryptographer and computer scientist widely regarded as a pioneer of digital cash and modern cryptographic privacy technologies.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07 
Target entity: David Chaum
Target entity description: David Chaum is an American cryptographer and computer scientist widely regarded as a pioneer of digital cash and modern cryptographic privacy technologies.
  • A. Ralph Merkle
    Ralph Merkle is an American computer scientist and cryptographer known as a pioneer of public-key cryptography and for contributions such as Merkle trees and Merkle–Damgård hashing.
  • B. Martin Hellman
    Martin Hellman is an American cryptologist best known as a co-inventor of public-key cryptography, which revolutionized secure digital communication.
  • C. Whitfield Diffie
    Whitfield Diffie is an American cryptographer best known as a pioneer of public-key cryptography, whose work revolutionized secure digital communication.
  • D. Silvio Micali
    Silvio Micali is an Italian computer scientist renowned for his foundational contributions to cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure protocols.
  • E. Ronald L. Rivest
    Ronald L. Rivest is an American cryptographer and computer scientist best known as one of the co-inventors of the RSA public-key cryptosystem and a pioneer in modern cryptography.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69b3454ea8f48190a49c2436624d6ef6 completed March 12, 2026, 10:59 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69b352613dd481909e008a8db239a108 completed March 12, 2026, 11:55 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69bb60f8a35481909fffa4af531400eb completed March 19, 2026, 2:35 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69bb69473a608190ab7cc20714e6214f completed March 19, 2026, 3:11 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69bb69baaa148190aa005e5bf45b9cd5 completed March 19, 2026, 3:12 a.m.
Created at: March 12, 2026, 11:18 p.m.