Triple

T4294783
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject James Heckman E99683 entity
Predicate publication P80 FINISHED
Object “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”
“Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
E428372 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” | Statement: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”
Context triple: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
  • A. The Probability Approach in Econometrics
    The Probability Approach in Econometrics is Trygve Haavelmo’s landmark work that founded modern econometrics by rigorously formulating economic relationships within a probabilistic, statistical framework.
  • B. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem
    A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem is a influential methodological book by political scientist Gary King that introduces statistical techniques for inferring individual-level behavior from aggregate data.
  • C. Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem
    The Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem is a fundamental result in econometrics that shows how the coefficients of a multiple linear regression can be obtained by first partialling out (regressing out) other explanatory variables.
  • D. Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing
    The Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing is a foundational statistical framework that formalizes how to construct and evaluate tests for competing hypotheses using concepts like Type I and Type II errors and power.
  • E. “Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems”
    “Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems” is a foundational econometric work by Ragnar Frisch that develops a systematic regression-based framework for analyzing interdependent economic relationships.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”
Triple: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
Generated description
“Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”
Target entity description: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
  • A. The Probability Approach in Econometrics
    The Probability Approach in Econometrics is Trygve Haavelmo’s landmark work that founded modern econometrics by rigorously formulating economic relationships within a probabilistic, statistical framework.
  • B. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem
    A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem is a influential methodological book by political scientist Gary King that introduces statistical techniques for inferring individual-level behavior from aggregate data.
  • C. Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem
    The Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem is a fundamental result in econometrics that shows how the coefficients of a multiple linear regression can be obtained by first partialling out (regressing out) other explanatory variables.
  • D. Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing
    The Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing is a foundational statistical framework that formalizes how to construct and evaluate tests for competing hypotheses using concepts like Type I and Type II errors and power.
  • E. “Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems”
    “Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems” is a foundational econometric work by Ragnar Frisch that develops a systematic regression-based framework for analyzing interdependent economic relationships.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69b3455175088190aa79c6e03b86647e completed March 12, 2026, 10:59 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69b35083f87c8190a3d3b323e76ab575 completed March 12, 2026, 11:47 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69b5c740c4a081909a63fb957f2926ae completed March 14, 2026, 8:38 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69b5c7d04508819087b14c5c86f1e015 completed March 14, 2026, 8:40 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69b5c84ccea08190a8e7e8fa93934ea2 completed March 14, 2026, 8:42 p.m.
Created at: March 12, 2026, 11:08 p.m.