Triple
T4294783
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | James Heckman |
E99683
|
entity |
| Predicate | publication |
P80
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
“Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”
“Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
|
E428372
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” | Statement: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” Context triple: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
-
A.
The Probability Approach in Econometrics
The Probability Approach in Econometrics is Trygve Haavelmo’s landmark work that founded modern econometrics by rigorously formulating economic relationships within a probabilistic, statistical framework.
-
B.
A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem
A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem is a influential methodological book by political scientist Gary King that introduces statistical techniques for inferring individual-level behavior from aggregate data.
-
C.
Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem
The Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem is a fundamental result in econometrics that shows how the coefficients of a multiple linear regression can be obtained by first partialling out (regressing out) other explanatory variables.
-
D.
Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing
The Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing is a foundational statistical framework that formalizes how to construct and evaluate tests for competing hypotheses using concepts like Type I and Type II errors and power.
-
E.
“Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems”
“Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems” is a foundational econometric work by Ragnar Frisch that develops a systematic regression-based framework for analyzing interdependent economic relationships.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” Triple: [James Heckman, publication, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error”]
Generated description
“Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” Target entity description: “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error” is a landmark econometrics paper by James Heckman that introduced the Heckman correction for dealing with non-randomly selected samples in statistical analysis.
-
A.
The Probability Approach in Econometrics
The Probability Approach in Econometrics is Trygve Haavelmo’s landmark work that founded modern econometrics by rigorously formulating economic relationships within a probabilistic, statistical framework.
-
B.
A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem
A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem is a influential methodological book by political scientist Gary King that introduces statistical techniques for inferring individual-level behavior from aggregate data.
-
C.
Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem
The Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem is a fundamental result in econometrics that shows how the coefficients of a multiple linear regression can be obtained by first partialling out (regressing out) other explanatory variables.
-
D.
Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing
The Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing is a foundational statistical framework that formalizes how to construct and evaluate tests for competing hypotheses using concepts like Type I and Type II errors and power.
-
E.
“Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems”
“Statistical Confluence Analysis by Means of Complete Regression Systems” is a foundational econometric work by Ragnar Frisch that develops a systematic regression-based framework for analyzing interdependent economic relationships.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69b3455175088190aa79c6e03b86647e |
completed | March 12, 2026, 10:59 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69b35083f87c8190a3d3b323e76ab575 |
completed | March 12, 2026, 11:47 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69b5c740c4a081909a63fb957f2926ae |
completed | March 14, 2026, 8:38 p.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69b5c7d04508819087b14c5c86f1e015 |
completed | March 14, 2026, 8:40 p.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69b5c84ccea08190a8e7e8fa93934ea2 |
completed | March 14, 2026, 8:42 p.m. |
Created at: March 12, 2026, 11:08 p.m.