Triple

T4141999
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Hendrik Anthony Kramers E89291 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Kramers–Kronig relations
The Kramers–Kronig relations are fundamental mathematical formulas in physics that connect the real and imaginary parts of a complex response function, expressing how causality constrains the frequency-dependent behavior of physical systems.
E415080 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Kramers–Kronig relations | Statement: [Hendrik Anthony Kramers, notableWork, Kramers–Kronig relations]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kramers–Kronig relations
Context triple: [Hendrik Anthony Kramers, notableWork, Kramers–Kronig relations]
  • A. Onsager reciprocal relations
    Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental symmetry relations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that link pairs of coupled fluxes and forces, showing that certain transport coefficients are equal.
  • B. Esaki–Tsu relation
    The Esaki–Tsu relation is a fundamental formula in semiconductor physics that describes the nonlinear current–voltage characteristics and negative differential conductivity of electrons in superlattices under high electric fields.
  • C. Wiener–Khinchin theorem
    The Wiener–Khinchin theorem is a fundamental result in signal processing and probability theory that relates a wide-sense stationary random process’s autocorrelation function to its power spectral density via the Fourier transform.
  • D. Bhabha–Corben equations
    The Bhabha–Corben equations are relativistic wave equations in quantum electrodynamics that describe the dynamics of spinning charged particles, developed by physicists Homi J. Bhabha and H. C. Corben.
  • E. Lifshitz–Kosevich formula
    The Lifshitz–Kosevich formula is a key theoretical expression in solid-state physics that describes how the amplitude of quantum oscillations in metals depends on temperature, magnetic field, and electronic properties.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Kramers–Kronig relations
Triple: [Hendrik Anthony Kramers, notableWork, Kramers–Kronig relations]
Generated description
The Kramers–Kronig relations are fundamental mathematical formulas in physics that connect the real and imaginary parts of a complex response function, expressing how causality constrains the frequency-dependent behavior of physical systems.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kramers–Kronig relations
Target entity description: The Kramers–Kronig relations are fundamental mathematical formulas in physics that connect the real and imaginary parts of a complex response function, expressing how causality constrains the frequency-dependent behavior of physical systems.
  • A. Onsager reciprocal relations
    Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental symmetry relations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that link pairs of coupled fluxes and forces, showing that certain transport coefficients are equal.
  • B. Esaki–Tsu relation
    The Esaki–Tsu relation is a fundamental formula in semiconductor physics that describes the nonlinear current–voltage characteristics and negative differential conductivity of electrons in superlattices under high electric fields.
  • C. Wiener–Khinchin theorem
    The Wiener–Khinchin theorem is a fundamental result in signal processing and probability theory that relates a wide-sense stationary random process’s autocorrelation function to its power spectral density via the Fourier transform.
  • D. Bhabha–Corben equations
    The Bhabha–Corben equations are relativistic wave equations in quantum electrodynamics that describe the dynamics of spinning charged particles, developed by physicists Homi J. Bhabha and H. C. Corben.
  • E. Lifshitz–Kosevich formula
    The Lifshitz–Kosevich formula is a key theoretical expression in solid-state physics that describes how the amplitude of quantum oscillations in metals depends on temperature, magnetic field, and electronic properties.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69aed95785788190ae75bcf0cd1cafdf completed March 9, 2026, 2:29 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69af024b8fe4819098e8f393474363c8 completed March 9, 2026, 5:24 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69b576cff6c881909134804ba6f9876d completed March 14, 2026, 2:55 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69b577d391ac8190b6062b1f64e2e7e8 completed March 14, 2026, 2:59 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69b5787ed214819092fc425152069df9 completed March 14, 2026, 3:02 p.m.
Created at: March 9, 2026, 3:43 p.m.