Triple

T3542940
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Léon Bottou E74927 entity
Predicate hasPublication P80 FINISHED
Object “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”
“Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems” is a research work by Léon Bottou that explores how to use counterfactual inference to design and analyze machine learning systems, particularly in interactive and decision-making settings.
E367293 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems” | Statement: [Léon Bottou, hasPublication, “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”
Context triple: [Léon Bottou, hasPublication, “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”]
  • A. Soar cognitive architecture
    The Soar cognitive architecture is a general-purpose framework for modeling and understanding human cognition through unified theories of problem solving, learning, and decision-making.
  • B. Cambrian intelligence: The early history of the new AI
    Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI is a book by roboticist Rodney Brooks that outlines his influential behavior-based approach to artificial intelligence and robotics in contrast to traditional symbolic AI.
  • C. Experience and Prediction
    Experience and Prediction is a seminal philosophical work by Hans Reichenbach that develops a logical and probabilistic foundation for scientific knowledge and induction within the framework of logical empiricism.
  • D. Temporal Logic of Actions
    Temporal Logic of Actions is a formal framework for specifying and reasoning about concurrent and distributed systems using temporal logic to describe system behaviors over time.
  • E. new riddle of induction
    The new riddle of induction is Nelson Goodman’s influential philosophical problem that challenges traditional accounts of inductive reasoning by introducing the notion of “grue” and questioning how we justify projecting certain predicates into the future.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”
Triple: [Léon Bottou, hasPublication, “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”]
Generated description
“Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems” is a research work by Léon Bottou that explores how to use counterfactual inference to design and analyze machine learning systems, particularly in interactive and decision-making settings.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems”
Target entity description: “Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems” is a research work by Léon Bottou that explores how to use counterfactual inference to design and analyze machine learning systems, particularly in interactive and decision-making settings.
  • A. Soar cognitive architecture
    The Soar cognitive architecture is a general-purpose framework for modeling and understanding human cognition through unified theories of problem solving, learning, and decision-making.
  • B. Cambrian intelligence: The early history of the new AI
    Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI is a book by roboticist Rodney Brooks that outlines his influential behavior-based approach to artificial intelligence and robotics in contrast to traditional symbolic AI.
  • C. Experience and Prediction
    Experience and Prediction is a seminal philosophical work by Hans Reichenbach that develops a logical and probabilistic foundation for scientific knowledge and induction within the framework of logical empiricism.
  • D. Temporal Logic of Actions
    Temporal Logic of Actions is a formal framework for specifying and reasoning about concurrent and distributed systems using temporal logic to describe system behaviors over time.
  • E. new riddle of induction
    The new riddle of induction is Nelson Goodman’s influential philosophical problem that challenges traditional accounts of inductive reasoning by introducing the notion of “grue” and questioning how we justify projecting certain predicates into the future.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ad85d274cc8190ab59c97298a1cfbf completed March 8, 2026, 2:21 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69adbf752dd481909226044ffe595338 completed March 8, 2026, 6:27 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69b38bdd0cb4819086119b54c2708850 completed March 13, 2026, 4 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69b38cb6a2188190b68f4903144a0e51 completed March 13, 2026, 4:04 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69b39062a10c8190bc227c02cf4f3ab1 completed March 13, 2026, 4:19 a.m.
Created at: March 8, 2026, 3:20 p.m.