Triple

T22793306
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Willis Eugene Lamb E564170 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Lamb shift
The Lamb shift is a small difference in energy levels of the hydrogen atom, revealed by precision spectroscopy and explained by quantum electrodynamics as arising from interactions between the electron and vacuum fluctuations.
E1555160 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Lamb shift | Statement: [Willis Eugene Lamb, knownFor, Lamb shift]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Lamb shift
Context triple: [Willis Eugene Lamb, knownFor, Lamb shift]
  • A. Rydberg constant
    The Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that characterizes the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (or lowest wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, playing a key role in atomic spectroscopy and quantum theory.
  • B. Zitterbewegung
    Zitterbewegung is a rapid, trembling motion predicted for relativistic quantum particles, arising from interference between positive and negative energy states in the Dirac equation.
  • C. Stark effect
    The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
  • D. Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
    The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
  • E. Segré–Silberberg effect
    The Segré–Silberberg effect is a fluid dynamics phenomenon in which particles suspended in laminar flow through a circular tube migrate to stable equilibrium positions at a characteristic radial distance from the tube wall.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Lamb shift
Triple: [Willis Eugene Lamb, knownFor, Lamb shift]
Generated description
The Lamb shift is a small difference in energy levels of the hydrogen atom, revealed by precision spectroscopy and explained by quantum electrodynamics as arising from interactions between the electron and vacuum fluctuations.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Lamb shift
Target entity description: The Lamb shift is a small difference in energy levels of the hydrogen atom, revealed by precision spectroscopy and explained by quantum electrodynamics as arising from interactions between the electron and vacuum fluctuations.
  • A. Rydberg constant
    The Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that characterizes the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (or lowest wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, playing a key role in atomic spectroscopy and quantum theory.
  • B. Zitterbewegung
    Zitterbewegung is a rapid, trembling motion predicted for relativistic quantum particles, arising from interference between positive and negative energy states in the Dirac equation.
  • C. Stark effect
    The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
  • D. Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
    The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
  • E. Segré–Silberberg effect
    The Segré–Silberberg effect is a fluid dynamics phenomenon in which particles suspended in laminar flow through a circular tube migrate to stable equilibrium positions at a characteristic radial distance from the tube wall.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69e2458185f88190b0045227ee420411 completed April 17, 2026, 2:36 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69f17cd751f081909c7907c96c9906ea completed April 29, 2026, 3:36 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a0b9e9214ec8190a67d9d97c74d5064 completed May 18, 2026, 11:19 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a0ba09cd4d48190b00db42dc43db779 completed May 18, 2026, 11:28 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a0ba13332588190a73ab3a52825a1fe completed May 18, 2026, 11:30 p.m.
Created at: April 17, 2026, 3:30 p.m.