Triple

T22791939
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule E564133 entity
Predicate isRelatedTo P37 FINISHED
Object Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule
The Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule is a theoretical relation in quantum chromodynamics that predicts a specific integral over the nucleon’s spin-dependent structure function g₂ must vanish, providing a test of the internal spin structure of the nucleon.
E1556463 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule | Statement: [Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule, isRelatedTo, Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule
Context triple: [Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule, isRelatedTo, Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule]
  • A. Bjorken sum rule
    The Bjorken sum rule is a fundamental result in quantum chromodynamics that relates the integral of the difference between proton and neutron spin-dependent structure functions to the nucleon’s axial charge, providing a key test of QCD and the parton model.
  • B. Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule
    The Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule is a fundamental relation in quantum field theory and nuclear physics that connects a particle’s anomalous magnetic moment to an energy-weighted integral over its spin-dependent photoabsorption cross sections.
  • C. Goldberger–Treiman relation
    The Goldberger–Treiman relation is a fundamental result in particle physics that links the strong pion–nucleon coupling constant to the axial-vector coupling of the nucleon and the pion decay constant, illuminating the role of chiral symmetry in low-energy hadron interactions.
  • D. QCD sum rules
    QCD sum rules are a theoretical framework in quantum chromodynamics that relate hadronic properties to quark and gluon dynamics via operator product expansions and dispersion relations, enabling the calculation of hadron parameters from QCD.
  • E. Frank–Tamm formula
    The Frank–Tamm formula is a fundamental equation in electrodynamics that quantifies the intensity and spectral distribution of Cherenkov radiation emitted by a charged particle moving faster than light in a medium.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule
Triple: [Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule, isRelatedTo, Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule]
Generated description
The Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule is a theoretical relation in quantum chromodynamics that predicts a specific integral over the nucleon’s spin-dependent structure function g₂ must vanish, providing a test of the internal spin structure of the nucleon.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule
Target entity description: The Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule is a theoretical relation in quantum chromodynamics that predicts a specific integral over the nucleon’s spin-dependent structure function g₂ must vanish, providing a test of the internal spin structure of the nucleon.
  • A. Bjorken sum rule
    The Bjorken sum rule is a fundamental result in quantum chromodynamics that relates the integral of the difference between proton and neutron spin-dependent structure functions to the nucleon’s axial charge, providing a key test of QCD and the parton model.
  • B. Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule
    The Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov sum rule is a fundamental relation in quantum field theory and nuclear physics that connects a particle’s anomalous magnetic moment to an energy-weighted integral over its spin-dependent photoabsorption cross sections.
  • C. Goldberger–Treiman relation
    The Goldberger–Treiman relation is a fundamental result in particle physics that links the strong pion–nucleon coupling constant to the axial-vector coupling of the nucleon and the pion decay constant, illuminating the role of chiral symmetry in low-energy hadron interactions.
  • D. QCD sum rules
    QCD sum rules are a theoretical framework in quantum chromodynamics that relate hadronic properties to quark and gluon dynamics via operator product expansions and dispersion relations, enabling the calculation of hadron parameters from QCD.
  • E. Frank–Tamm formula
    The Frank–Tamm formula is a fundamental equation in electrodynamics that quantifies the intensity and spectral distribution of Cherenkov radiation emitted by a charged particle moving faster than light in a medium.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69e2458185f88190b0045227ee420411 completed April 17, 2026, 2:36 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69f17cd5778c81909a18317ff98e341c completed April 29, 2026, 3:36 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a0ba7a098488190ac57cf88793a456c completed May 18, 2026, 11:58 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a0ba8bb77bc81909c5422f9d73c1e70 completed May 19, 2026, 12:03 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a0ba94752c48190a8892cac5ef862b2 completed May 19, 2026, 12:05 a.m.
Created at: April 17, 2026, 3:30 p.m.