Triple

T2037111
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Lene Vestergaard Hau E44655 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second
The 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second is a landmark experimental physics study in which Lene Vestergaard Hau’s team used a Bose–Einstein condensate to dramatically reduce the speed of light in a medium, demonstrating unprecedented control over light propagation.
E228035 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second | Statement: [Lene Vestergaard Hau, notableWork, 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second
Context triple: [Lene Vestergaard Hau, notableWork, 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second]
  • A. Fermat’s principle of least time
    Fermat’s principle of least time is a fundamental variational principle in optics stating that light follows the path that takes the least time, from which many laws of geometrical optics can be derived.
  • B. On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
    "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
  • C. Kapitza–Dirac effect
    The Kapitza–Dirac effect is a quantum phenomenon in which a beam of particles, such as electrons or atoms, is diffracted by a standing wave of light, demonstrating the wave-particle duality of matter.
  • D. Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
    The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
  • E. Einstein's annus mirabilis papers
    Einstein's annus mirabilis papers are a set of groundbreaking 1905 scientific works by Albert Einstein that revolutionized physics by introducing special relativity, explaining the photoelectric effect, providing evidence for atoms, and reshaping concepts of space, time, and energy.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second
Triple: [Lene Vestergaard Hau, notableWork, 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second]
Generated description
The 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second is a landmark experimental physics study in which Lene Vestergaard Hau’s team used a Bose–Einstein condensate to dramatically reduce the speed of light in a medium, demonstrating unprecedented control over light propagation.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second
Target entity description: The 1999 Nature paper on light slowed to 17 meters per second is a landmark experimental physics study in which Lene Vestergaard Hau’s team used a Bose–Einstein condensate to dramatically reduce the speed of light in a medium, demonstrating unprecedented control over light propagation.
  • A. Fermat’s principle of least time
    Fermat’s principle of least time is a fundamental variational principle in optics stating that light follows the path that takes the least time, from which many laws of geometrical optics can be derived.
  • B. On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
    "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" is Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper that introduced the concept of light quanta (photons), laying the foundation for quantum theory and explaining the photoelectric effect.
  • C. Kapitza–Dirac effect
    The Kapitza–Dirac effect is a quantum phenomenon in which a beam of particles, such as electrons or atoms, is diffracted by a standing wave of light, demonstrating the wave-particle duality of matter.
  • D. Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
    The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
  • E. Einstein's annus mirabilis papers
    Einstein's annus mirabilis papers are a set of groundbreaking 1905 scientific works by Albert Einstein that revolutionized physics by introducing special relativity, explaining the photoelectric effect, providing evidence for atoms, and reshaping concepts of space, time, and energy.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a889159ec481908f9e4472d9f480c7 completed March 4, 2026, 7:33 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abb9363b608190b42aa6d3f3fd78c4 completed March 7, 2026, 5:35 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ae1ff38fb881909558e4d715a4d314 completed March 9, 2026, 1:18 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ae20946a288190a3bd2a19e3608e86 completed March 9, 2026, 1:21 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ae2109d17c819094a298a822064052 completed March 9, 2026, 1:23 a.m.
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:39 p.m.