Triple

T14873458
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. E349807 entity
Predicate holding P2237 FINISHED
Object The Supreme Court held that the Sixteenth Amendment removed the requirement of apportionment for taxes on incomes from whatever source derived. E70254 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (2 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: The Supreme Court held that the Sixteenth Amendment removed the requirement of apportionment for taxes on incomes from whatever source derived. | Statement: [Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., holding, The Supreme Court held that the Sixteenth Amendment removed the requirement of apportionment for taxes on incomes from whatever source derived.]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Supreme Court held that the Sixteenth Amendment removed the requirement of apportionment for taxes on incomes from whatever source derived.
Context triple: [Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., holding, The Supreme Court held that the Sixteenth Amendment removed the requirement of apportionment for taxes on incomes from whatever source derived.]
  • A. Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution chosen
    The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the U.S. Census.
  • B. Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
    The Direct Tax Clause of the United States Constitution is a provision that restricts the federal government from imposing direct taxes unless they are apportioned among the states according to population.
  • C. Indirect Tax Clause of the United States Constitution
    The Indirect Tax Clause of the United States Constitution authorizes Congress to levy duties, imposts, and excises that are uniform throughout the United States, forming the basis for many federal consumption and transactional taxes.
  • D. Revenue Act of 1926
    The Revenue Act of 1926 was a major U.S. federal tax law that significantly reduced income tax rates and estate taxes as part of Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's broader program of pro-business tax cuts in the 1920s.
  • E. Revenue Act of 1913
    The Revenue Act of 1913 was a landmark U.S. law that reintroduced a federal income tax and significantly lowered tariffs, reshaping the nation’s fiscal policy in the early 20th century.
  • F. None of above.
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Provenance (3 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d822ee4f408190b6ac3b2fa434f0df completed April 9, 2026, 10:06 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69ded5e2c94c8190a16f05ea81701fc1 completed April 15, 2026, 12:03 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69fe6b5101a48190937a86b6eda79c55 completed May 8, 2026, 11:01 p.m.
Created at: April 10, 2026, 1:55 a.m.