Triple

T145461
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Freeman Dyson E2943 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
E17385 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED | Statement: [Freeman Dyson, notableWork, Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Context triple: [Freeman Dyson, notableWork, Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED]
  • A. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • B. Feynman diagrams
    Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
  • C. Feynman checkerboard model
    The Feynman checkerboard model is a path-integral-based lattice model introduced by Richard Feynman to illustrate and derive the behavior of relativistic quantum particles, particularly the Dirac equation in one spatial dimension.
  • D. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
    QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter is a popular science book by physicist Richard Feynman that explains the quantum theory of electrodynamics in an accessible, lecture-based style.
  • E. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
    Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics is John von Neumann’s landmark 1932 treatise that rigorously formulates quantum theory using functional analysis and operator theory on Hilbert spaces.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Triple: [Freeman Dyson, notableWork, Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED]
Generated description
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Target entity description: Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • A. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • B. Feynman diagrams
    Feynman diagrams are graphical representations used in quantum field theory to visualize and calculate particle interactions and processes.
  • C. Feynman checkerboard model
    The Feynman checkerboard model is a path-integral-based lattice model introduced by Richard Feynman to illustrate and derive the behavior of relativistic quantum particles, particularly the Dirac equation in one spatial dimension.
  • D. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
    QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter is a popular science book by physicist Richard Feynman that explains the quantum theory of electrodynamics in an accessible, lecture-based style.
  • E. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
    Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics is John von Neumann’s landmark 1932 treatise that rigorously formulates quantum theory using functional analysis and operator theory on Hilbert spaces.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a2521e35c08190b28e5c9f1e3c9b59 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:25 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a257ea7eac8190884a53453a9e0dd6 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 2:50 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a2c2763ce481908c12046de9003a84 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 10:24 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a2c2f02810819092e3263ac91b5fe3 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 10:26 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a2c369498481908c4213b04aea9c97 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 10:28 a.m.
Created at: Feb. 28, 2026, 2:31 a.m.