Triple

T13566271
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Michael Abrash E324042 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object The Graphics Programming Black Book
The Graphics Programming Black Book is a highly regarded collection of Michael Abrash’s writings on low-level graphics, performance optimization, and game programming, especially in the DOS and early PC era.
E1046293 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: The Graphics Programming Black Book | Statement: [Michael Abrash, notableWork, The Graphics Programming Black Book]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Graphics Programming Black Book
Context triple: [Michael Abrash, notableWork, The Graphics Programming Black Book]
  • A. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
    Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice is a foundational textbook that comprehensively covers the theory and algorithms underlying modern computer graphics.
  • B. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics
    Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics is a foundational textbook that introduces the principles, algorithms, and techniques underlying modern computer graphics and interactive visual systems.
  • C. Borland graphics interface (BGI) libraries
    The Borland Graphics Interface (BGI) libraries are a set of graphics routines provided by Borland compilers that allow DOS-based programs to draw shapes, text, and images in various video modes without requiring low-level hardware programming.
  • D. Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++
    Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ is an introductory programming textbook by Bjarne Stroustrup that teaches fundamental programming concepts and techniques using the C++ language.
  • E. Advanced Graphics Architecture
    Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) is the enhanced 32-bit graphics chipset used in later Commodore Amiga computers, offering improved color depth and display capabilities over earlier Amiga chipsets.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: The Graphics Programming Black Book
Triple: [Michael Abrash, notableWork, The Graphics Programming Black Book]
Generated description
The Graphics Programming Black Book is a highly regarded collection of Michael Abrash’s writings on low-level graphics, performance optimization, and game programming, especially in the DOS and early PC era.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Graphics Programming Black Book
Target entity description: The Graphics Programming Black Book is a highly regarded collection of Michael Abrash’s writings on low-level graphics, performance optimization, and game programming, especially in the DOS and early PC era.
  • A. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
    Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice is a foundational textbook that comprehensively covers the theory and algorithms underlying modern computer graphics.
  • B. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics
    Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics is a foundational textbook that introduces the principles, algorithms, and techniques underlying modern computer graphics and interactive visual systems.
  • C. Borland graphics interface (BGI) libraries
    The Borland Graphics Interface (BGI) libraries are a set of graphics routines provided by Borland compilers that allow DOS-based programs to draw shapes, text, and images in various video modes without requiring low-level hardware programming.
  • D. Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++
    Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ is an introductory programming textbook by Bjarne Stroustrup that teaches fundamental programming concepts and techniques using the C++ language.
  • E. Advanced Graphics Architecture
    Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) is the enhanced 32-bit graphics chipset used in later Commodore Amiga computers, offering improved color depth and display capabilities over earlier Amiga chipsets.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d8076830b48190910a902bae5888e2 completed April 9, 2026, 8:09 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69dbb00cecd48190a9a2caff3d424817 completed April 12, 2026, 2:45 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69f75db031d88190983e3ccd054082bd completed May 3, 2026, 2:37 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69f75e4222d481909781824cefb69b49 completed May 3, 2026, 2:40 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69f75e9fc1508190800291a16840a9a8 completed May 3, 2026, 2:41 p.m.
Created at: April 9, 2026, 9:48 p.m.