Triple

T12021130
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Gian-Carlo Wick E286149 entity
Predicate notableConcept P201 FINISHED
Object Wick rotation
Wick rotation is a mathematical technique in quantum field theory that transforms time to imaginary values to relate Minkowski and Euclidean formulations of a theory.
E959595 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Wick rotation | Statement: [Gian-Carlo Wick, notableConcept, Wick rotation]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Wick rotation
Context triple: [Gian-Carlo Wick, notableConcept, Wick rotation]
  • A. Wick’s theorem
    Wick’s theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered products of field operators as sums of normal-ordered products with all possible contractions, forming the basis for deriving Feynman rules and diagrammatic expansions.
  • B. Bogoliubov transformation
    The Bogoliubov transformation is a mathematical change of basis used in quantum field theory and many-body physics to diagonalize Hamiltonians by mixing creation and annihilation operators, enabling the description of quasiparticles and phenomena like superconductivity.
  • C. Feynman path integral
    The Feynman path integral is a formulation of quantum mechanics in which a particle’s behavior is described as a sum over all possible paths it can take, each weighted by a phase factor derived from the classical action.
  • D. Sommerfeld-Watson transform
    The Sommerfeld-Watson transform is a complex-analysis technique that converts discrete sums over angular momentum into contour integrals, widely used in scattering theory and Regge theory to study analytic properties of amplitudes.
  • E. Feynman propagator
    The Feynman propagator is a Green’s function in quantum field theory that encodes the amplitude for a particle to propagate between spacetime points with time-ordering built in.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Wick rotation
Triple: [Gian-Carlo Wick, notableConcept, Wick rotation]
Generated description
Wick rotation is a mathematical technique in quantum field theory that transforms time to imaginary values to relate Minkowski and Euclidean formulations of a theory.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Wick rotation
Target entity description: Wick rotation is a mathematical technique in quantum field theory that transforms time to imaginary values to relate Minkowski and Euclidean formulations of a theory.
  • A. Wick’s theorem
    Wick’s theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that expresses time-ordered products of field operators as sums of normal-ordered products with all possible contractions, forming the basis for deriving Feynman rules and diagrammatic expansions.
  • B. Bogoliubov transformation
    The Bogoliubov transformation is a mathematical change of basis used in quantum field theory and many-body physics to diagonalize Hamiltonians by mixing creation and annihilation operators, enabling the description of quasiparticles and phenomena like superconductivity.
  • C. Feynman path integral
    The Feynman path integral is a formulation of quantum mechanics in which a particle’s behavior is described as a sum over all possible paths it can take, each weighted by a phase factor derived from the classical action.
  • D. Sommerfeld-Watson transform
    The Sommerfeld-Watson transform is a complex-analysis technique that converts discrete sums over angular momentum into contour integrals, widely used in scattering theory and Regge theory to study analytic properties of amplitudes.
  • E. Feynman propagator
    The Feynman propagator is a Green’s function in quantum field theory that encodes the amplitude for a particle to propagate between spacetime points with time-ordering built in.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d6ab45a368819084fce08bf0dc3705 completed April 8, 2026, 7:23 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69d903ed15408190afc21afd57d6a737 completed April 10, 2026, 2:06 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69f48b62cad8819092beb72c604a4762 completed May 1, 2026, 11:15 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69f48fc7a8848190a06b34cc45db4789 completed May 1, 2026, 11:34 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69f495f069c48190a6e5856c272420c0 completed May 1, 2026, noon
Created at: April 8, 2026, 9:47 p.m.