Triple

T1190366
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Rudolf Peierls E25343 entity
Predicate notableIdea P4 FINISHED
Object Peierls substitution
Peierls substitution is a quantum mechanical method for incorporating the effects of an external electromagnetic field into the momentum of charged particles in lattice or solid-state systems.
E136242 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Peierls substitution | Statement: [Rudolf Peierls, notableIdea, Peierls substitution]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Peierls substitution
Context triple: [Rudolf Peierls, notableIdea, Peierls substitution]
  • A. Pippard nonlocal theory
    Pippard nonlocal theory is a refinement of superconductivity theory that introduces spatially nonlocal relations between current and electromagnetic fields to account for finite coherence length effects beyond the London model.
  • B. Eliashberg theory
    Eliashberg theory is an extension of BCS superconductivity that incorporates strong-coupling and frequency-dependent effects to more accurately describe real superconducting materials.
  • C. Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
    Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
  • D. London equations
    The London equations are fundamental relations in superconductivity that describe how magnetic fields behave inside superconductors, capturing key features like the Meissner effect and zero electrical resistance.
  • E. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Peierls substitution
Triple: [Rudolf Peierls, notableIdea, Peierls substitution]
Generated description
Peierls substitution is a quantum mechanical method for incorporating the effects of an external electromagnetic field into the momentum of charged particles in lattice or solid-state systems.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Peierls substitution
Target entity description: Peierls substitution is a quantum mechanical method for incorporating the effects of an external electromagnetic field into the momentum of charged particles in lattice or solid-state systems.
  • A. Pippard nonlocal theory
    Pippard nonlocal theory is a refinement of superconductivity theory that introduces spatially nonlocal relations between current and electromagnetic fields to account for finite coherence length effects beyond the London model.
  • B. Eliashberg theory
    Eliashberg theory is an extension of BCS superconductivity that incorporates strong-coupling and frequency-dependent effects to more accurately describe real superconducting materials.
  • C. Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
    Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
  • D. London equations
    The London equations are fundamental relations in superconductivity that describe how magnetic fields behave inside superconductors, capturing key features like the Meissner effect and zero electrical resistance.
  • E. Herzberg–Teller approximation
    The Herzberg–Teller approximation is a refinement in molecular spectroscopy that accounts for vibronic coupling by allowing electronic transition dipole moments to depend on nuclear coordinates, explaining intensity in otherwise forbidden transitions.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a49427d98881908646d6c63b8cea1e completed March 1, 2026, 7:31 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a4bd58d8d88190b8d9c9c9de7f4e97 completed March 1, 2026, 10:27 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ac764ccb1c8190a302137a0e67cb88 completed March 7, 2026, 7:02 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ac76e1b430819092669c6e83d7a62c completed March 7, 2026, 7:05 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ac77670fa08190827ef34ba9d52a70 completed March 7, 2026, 7:07 p.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:45 p.m.