Triple

T11210505
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Allan R. Sandage E265291 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)
The Sandage–Loeb test is a proposed cosmological method that aims to directly measure the universe’s expansion over time by detecting tiny shifts in the redshifts of distant astronomical objects.
E911976 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test) | Statement: [Allan R. Sandage, notableWork, Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)
Context triple: [Allan R. Sandage, notableWork, Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)]
  • A. Tolman surface brightness test
    The Tolman surface brightness test is an observational cosmology method that checks whether the universe is expanding by examining how the surface brightness of distant galaxies diminishes with redshift.
  • B. Supernova Cosmology Project
    The Supernova Cosmology Project is an international research collaboration that used observations of distant Type Ia supernovae to discover the accelerating expansion of the universe, providing key evidence for dark energy.
  • C. Sachs–Wolfe effect
    The Sachs–Wolfe effect is a cosmological phenomenon in which gravitational potential fluctuations imprint temperature anisotropies on the cosmic microwave background radiation, especially on large angular scales.
  • D. The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
    The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe is a foundational cosmology book by James Peebles that systematically develops the theory and observations of how matter is distributed on the largest cosmic scales.
  • E. Milne universe model
    The Milne universe model is a cosmological model that describes an empty, expanding universe with negative spatial curvature, serving as a special-relativistic alternative to general relativistic cosmologies.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)
Triple: [Allan R. Sandage, notableWork, Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)]
Generated description
The Sandage–Loeb test is a proposed cosmological method that aims to directly measure the universe’s expansion over time by detecting tiny shifts in the redshifts of distant astronomical objects.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sandage–Loeb test (proposed cosmological test)
Target entity description: The Sandage–Loeb test is a proposed cosmological method that aims to directly measure the universe’s expansion over time by detecting tiny shifts in the redshifts of distant astronomical objects.
  • A. Tolman surface brightness test
    The Tolman surface brightness test is an observational cosmology method that checks whether the universe is expanding by examining how the surface brightness of distant galaxies diminishes with redshift.
  • B. Supernova Cosmology Project
    The Supernova Cosmology Project is an international research collaboration that used observations of distant Type Ia supernovae to discover the accelerating expansion of the universe, providing key evidence for dark energy.
  • C. Sachs–Wolfe effect
    The Sachs–Wolfe effect is a cosmological phenomenon in which gravitational potential fluctuations imprint temperature anisotropies on the cosmic microwave background radiation, especially on large angular scales.
  • D. The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
    The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe is a foundational cosmology book by James Peebles that systematically develops the theory and observations of how matter is distributed on the largest cosmic scales.
  • E. Milne universe model
    The Milne universe model is a cosmological model that describes an empty, expanding universe with negative spatial curvature, serving as a special-relativistic alternative to general relativistic cosmologies.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d6aac59460819089b9848b27f57848 completed April 8, 2026, 7:21 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69d7e8d6f5d4819086dcb776a0d469e8 completed April 9, 2026, 5:58 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69e49747ec288190bc3e826b6de7f6f2 completed April 19, 2026, 8:50 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69e49c0a92b08190ac5debb7d67ca776 completed April 19, 2026, 9:10 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69e49e8dc4ec81908d0defe77827d197 completed April 19, 2026, 9:21 a.m.
Created at: April 8, 2026, 9:30 p.m.