"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search"
E874577
"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" is a seminal 1976 paper by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that articulates a foundational view of artificial intelligence and cognitive science by analyzing computation in terms of symbol manipulation and heuristic search.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T10602481 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" Context triple: [physical symbol system hypothesis, statedIn, "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search"]
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A.
"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence"
"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence" is the seminal 1955 research proposal by John McCarthy and colleagues that launched the field of artificial intelligence by defining its goals and organizing the landmark 1956 Dartmouth conference.
-
B.
the Logic Theorist program
The Logic Theorist program was an early artificial intelligence system developed in the 1950s that automatically proved theorems in symbolic logic and is often regarded as the first AI program.
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C.
Man-Computer Symbiosis
Man-Computer Symbiosis is a seminal 1960 essay by J. C. R. Licklider that envisioned interactive, cooperative partnerships between humans and computers, laying conceptual foundations for modern interactive computing and the internet.
-
D.
An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming
"An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming" is a seminal 1969 paper by C.A.R. Hoare that introduced the formal logical system now known as Hoare logic for reasoning about program correctness.
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E.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is Alan Turing’s landmark 1950 paper that introduced the Turing Test and fundamentally shaped the philosophical and technical foundations of artificial intelligence.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" Target entity description: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" is a seminal 1976 paper by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that articulates a foundational view of artificial intelligence and cognitive science by analyzing computation in terms of symbol manipulation and heuristic search.
-
A.
"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence"
"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence" is the seminal 1955 research proposal by John McCarthy and colleagues that launched the field of artificial intelligence by defining its goals and organizing the landmark 1956 Dartmouth conference.
-
B.
the Logic Theorist program
The Logic Theorist program was an early artificial intelligence system developed in the 1950s that automatically proved theorems in symbolic logic and is often regarded as the first AI program.
-
C.
Man-Computer Symbiosis
Man-Computer Symbiosis is a seminal 1960 essay by J. C. R. Licklider that envisioned interactive, cooperative partnerships between humans and computers, laying conceptual foundations for modern interactive computing and the internet.
-
D.
An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming
"An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming" is a seminal 1969 paper by C.A.R. Hoare that introduced the formal logical system now known as Hoare logic for reasoning about program correctness.
-
E.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is Alan Turing’s landmark 1950 paper that introduced the Turing Test and fundamentally shaped the philosophical and technical foundations of artificial intelligence.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (36)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf | scientific paper ⓘ |
| argues |
intelligent behavior can be understood as symbol manipulation
ⓘ
problem solving can be modeled as heuristic search in a state space ⓘ |
| author |
Allen Newell
ⓘ
Herbert A. Simon ⓘ
linked to:
Herbert Simon
|
| contributionTo |
foundations of artificial intelligence
ⓘ
foundations of cognitive science ⓘ theory of problem solving ⓘ |
| describes |
computer programs as symbol systems
ⓘ
search processes in problem spaces ⓘ |
| examines |
empirical evaluation of computational theories of cognition
ⓘ
role of search in problem solving ⓘ |
| field |
artificial intelligence
ⓘ
cognitive science ⓘ computer science ⓘ |
| framework | symbol system and search paradigm for intelligence ⓘ |
| hasNotableStatus |
classic work in cognitive science
ⓘ
seminal paper in artificial intelligence ⓘ |
| hasTheoreticalClaim | physical symbol systems are necessary and sufficient for general intelligent action ⓘ |
| inAcademicDiscourse |
widely cited in AI literature
ⓘ
widely discussed in philosophy of artificial intelligence ⓘ |
| influencedField |
cognitive psychology
ⓘ
philosophy of mind ⓘ symbolic artificial intelligence ⓘ |
| language | English ⓘ |
| mainConcept |
empirical inquiry in computer science
ⓘ
heuristic search ⓘ physical symbol system hypothesis ⓘ symbol manipulation ⓘ |
| proposes | view of computer science as an empirical science of symbol systems ⓘ |
| publicationYear | 1976 ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
General Problem Solver
ⓘ
information processing psychology ⓘ |
| supportsView | human cognition can be modeled by symbol-processing systems ⓘ |
| topic |
methodology of computer science as an empirical discipline
ⓘ
relationship between computation and cognition ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" Description of subject: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search" is a seminal 1976 paper by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that articulates a foundational view of artificial intelligence and cognitive science by analyzing computation in terms of symbol manipulation and heuristic search.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
physical symbol system hypothesis
→
statedIn
→
"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search"
ⓘ