Keyes v. School District No. 1
E710181
Keyes v. School District No. 1 is a landmark 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case that extended school desegregation principles to northern and western districts by recognizing de facto segregation as unconstitutional when caused by intentional discriminatory actions.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Keyes v. School District No. 1 canonical | 2 |
| Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T8074158 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Keyes v. School District No. 1 Context triple: [Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, relatedTo, Keyes v. School District No. 1]
-
A.
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier is a 1988 U.S. Supreme Court case that limited student First Amendment rights by allowing public school officials greater authority to regulate school-sponsored student speech, such as in school newspapers.
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B.
Pickering v. Board of Education
Pickering v. Board of Education is a landmark 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that established First Amendment protections for public employees speaking as private citizens on matters of public concern.
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C.
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 is a 2007 U.S. Supreme Court case that limited the use of race in public school student assignment plans under the Equal Protection Clause.
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D.
Plyler v. Doe
Plyler v. Doe is a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court decision that held states cannot deny free public education to children based on their immigration status, recognizing such exclusion as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.
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E.
Board of Education v. Pico
Board of Education v. Pico is a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court case in which a divided Court held that public school boards may not remove books from school libraries simply because they dislike the ideas contained in them, recognizing students’ limited First Amendment right to receive information.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Keyes v. School District No. 1 Target entity description: Keyes v. School District No. 1 is a landmark 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case that extended school desegregation principles to northern and western districts by recognizing de facto segregation as unconstitutional when caused by intentional discriminatory actions.
-
A.
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier is a 1988 U.S. Supreme Court case that limited student First Amendment rights by allowing public school officials greater authority to regulate school-sponsored student speech, such as in school newspapers.
-
B.
Pickering v. Board of Education
Pickering v. Board of Education is a landmark 1968 U.S. Supreme Court case that established First Amendment protections for public employees speaking as private citizens on matters of public concern.
-
C.
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 is a 2007 U.S. Supreme Court case that limited the use of race in public school student assignment plans under the Equal Protection Clause.
-
D.
Plyler v. Doe
Plyler v. Doe is a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court decision that held states cannot deny free public education to children based on their immigration status, recognizing such exclusion as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.
-
E.
Board of Education v. Pico
Board of Education v. Pico is a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court case in which a divided Court held that public school boards may not remove books from school libraries simply because they dislike the ideas contained in them, recognizing students’ limited First Amendment right to receive information.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
landmark school desegregation case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights law
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ education law ⓘ |
| arguedDate | October 12, 1972 ⓘ |
| citation | 413 U.S. 189 ⓘ |
| country |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decisionDate | June 21, 1973 ⓘ |
| dissentBy |
Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.
ⓘ
linked to:
Lewis F. Powell Jr.
Justice William H. Rehnquist ⓘ
linked to:
William H. Rehnquist
|
| docketNumber | No. 71-507 ⓘ |
| factPattern | challenged racially segregated schools in Denver allegedly created by school board policies such as gerrymandered attendance zones and school site selection ⓘ |
| fullName |
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
ⓘ
linked to:
Keyes v. School District No. 1
|
| geographicScope |
northern United States school districts
ⓘ
western United States school districts ⓘ |
| holding |
A finding of intentional segregation in a meaningful portion of a school system creates a presumption that segregation in the entire system is unlawful
ⓘ
De facto segregation caused by intentional discriminatory actions by school authorities violates the Equal Protection Clause ⓘ Once intentional segregation is shown in a substantial part of a district, the burden shifts to the school authorities to prove that other segregation is not also the result of intentional discrimination ⓘ |
| joinedByInMajority |
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger
ⓘ
linked to:
Warren E. Burger
Justice Byron R. White ⓘ
linked to:
Byron R. White
Justice Harry A. Blackmun ⓘ
linked to:
Harry A. Blackmun
Justice Potter Stewart ⓘ
linked to:
Potter Stewart
Justice Thurgood Marshall ⓘ
linked to:
Thurgood Marshall
Justice William O. Douglas ⓘ
linked to:
William O. Douglas
|
| jurisdiction |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| languageOfProceedings | English ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
ⓘ
linked to:
Equal Protection Clause
school desegregation ⓘ |
| locationOfDispute | Denver, Colorado ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy |
Justice William J. Brennan Jr.
ⓘ
linked to:
William J. Brennan Jr.
|
| petitioner | Wilfred Keyes ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Brown v. Board of Education
ⓘ
Milliken v. Bradley ⓘ Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ⓘ |
| relatedConstitutionalProvision |
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
ⓘ
linked to:
Fourteenth Amendment
|
| relatedDoctrine |
Equal protection
ⓘ
de facto segregation ⓘ de jure segregation ⓘ |
| remedyType | school desegregation orders ⓘ |
| respondent | School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado ⓘ |
| significance |
established a framework for proving systemwide intentional segregation in urban school districts
ⓘ
extended school desegregation principles beyond the South ⓘ recognized that intentional actions by school boards creating or maintaining racial segregation are unconstitutional even without explicit segregation statutes ⓘ |
| subsequentImpact |
clarified evidentiary burdens in proving intentional school segregation
ⓘ
influenced later litigation over urban school desegregation outside the South ⓘ |
| timePeriod | 1970s ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Keyes v. School District No. 1 Description of subject: Keyes v. School District No. 1 is a landmark 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case that extended school desegregation principles to northern and western districts by recognizing de facto segregation as unconstitutional when caused by intentional discriminatory actions.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Keyes v. School District No. 1