Bowring Treaty
E632935
The Bowring Treaty was an 1855 agreement between Siam and Britain that opened Siam to free trade, granted extraterritorial rights to British subjects, and marked a major turning point in the kingdom’s modernization and integration into the global economy.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Bowring Treaty canonical | 3 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T6987828 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bowring Treaty Context triple: [Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam), event, Bowring Treaty]
-
A.
Treaty of Wanghia
The Treaty of Wanghia was an 1844 agreement between the United States and Qing China that granted the U.S. significant trading rights and extraterritorial privileges, marking the first formal diplomatic treaty between the two nations.
-
B.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was an agreement that effectively stripped the Korean Empire of its diplomatic sovereignty and placed it under Japanese control, paving the way for Japan’s formal annexation of Korea.
-
C.
Treaty of Shimonoseki
The Treaty of Shimonoseki was an 1895 peace agreement between Qing China and Japan that ended the First Sino-Japanese War and marked Japan’s emergence as a major imperial power in East Asia.
-
D.
Treaty of the Bogue
The Treaty of the Bogue was an 1843 supplementary agreement to the Treaty of Nanking that expanded British commercial and legal privileges in China during the Opium Wars era.
-
E.
Harris Treaty of 1858
The Harris Treaty of 1858 was a landmark U.S.–Japan agreement that opened Japanese ports to American trade, granted extraterritorial rights to U.S. citizens, and marked a key step in ending Japan’s isolationist policies.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bowring Treaty Target entity description: The Bowring Treaty was an 1855 agreement between Siam and Britain that opened Siam to free trade, granted extraterritorial rights to British subjects, and marked a major turning point in the kingdom’s modernization and integration into the global economy.
-
A.
Treaty of Wanghia
The Treaty of Wanghia was an 1844 agreement between the United States and Qing China that granted the U.S. significant trading rights and extraterritorial privileges, marking the first formal diplomatic treaty between the two nations.
-
B.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was an agreement that effectively stripped the Korean Empire of its diplomatic sovereignty and placed it under Japanese control, paving the way for Japan’s formal annexation of Korea.
-
C.
Treaty of Shimonoseki
The Treaty of Shimonoseki was an 1895 peace agreement between Qing China and Japan that ended the First Sino-Japanese War and marked Japan’s emergence as a major imperial power in East Asia.
-
D.
Treaty of the Bogue
The Treaty of the Bogue was an 1843 supplementary agreement to the Treaty of Nanking that expanded British commercial and legal privileges in China during the Opium Wars era.
-
E.
Harris Treaty of 1858
The Harris Treaty of 1858 was a landmark U.S.–Japan agreement that opened Japanese ports to American trade, granted extraterritorial rights to U.S. citizens, and marked a key step in ending Japan’s isolationist policies.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
bilateral treaty
ⓘ
historical event ⓘ trade agreement ⓘ |
| category |
1855 in international relations
ⓘ
Thailand–United Kingdom relations ⓘ Treaties of Siam ⓘ Treaties of the United Kingdom ⓘ |
| countryAtTime |
Kingdom of Siam
ⓘ
linked to:
Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam)
|
| economicEffect |
increased foreign commercial presence in Siam
ⓘ
integrated Siam into the global economy ⓘ opened Siam to free trade ⓘ stimulated rice exports from Siam ⓘ |
| grantedRight |
consular jurisdiction over British subjects
ⓘ
extraterritoriality ⓘ freedom of trade for British merchants ⓘ freedom of travel for British subjects within Siam ⓘ |
| grantedTo | British subjects ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance |
key step in Siam’s integration into the world economy
ⓘ
major turning point in Siam’s modernization ⓘ model for later treaties with other Western powers ⓘ |
| imposedPolicyChange | abolition of royal trade monopolies ⓘ |
| imposedPolicyChange |
introduction of fixed low tariff rates
ⓘ
permission for foreigners to own or lease land in designated areas ⓘ |
| imposedPolicyChange | reduction of import duties ⓘ |
| languageOfDocument |
English
ⓘ
Thai ⓘ |
| ledTo | subsequent unequal treaties between Siam and Western powers ⓘ |
| legalProvision |
ban on export monopolies by the Siamese crown
ⓘ
fixed import duty of around 3 percent on most goods ⓘ requirement that disputes involving British subjects be tried in British consular courts ⓘ |
| modernCountry | Thailand ⓘ |
| namedAfter |
Sir John Bowring
ⓘ
linked to:
John Bowring
|
| politicalEffect |
contributed to Siam’s semi-colonial status in legal matters
ⓘ
increased British influence in Siam ⓘ limited Siamese judicial authority over British subjects ⓘ |
| precededBy | Burney Treaty ⓘ |
| regionAffected |
Bangkok
ⓘ
Chao Phraya River basin ⓘ
linked to:
Chao Phraya River
|
| relatedToPolicy |
liberalization of Siamese foreign trade
ⓘ
modernization reforms of King Mongkut ⓘ |
| signatoryDiplomat |
Sir John Bowring
ⓘ
linked to:
John Bowring
|
| signatoryMonarch |
King Mongkut
ⓘ
linked to:
King Mongkut of Siam
|
| signatoryState |
Siam
ⓘ
United Kingdom ⓘ |
| signedInCentury | 19th century ⓘ |
| signedOn | 1855 ⓘ |
| signedUnderReignOf |
King Mongkut
ⓘ
linked to:
King Mongkut of Siam
|
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Bowring Treaty Description of subject: The Bowring Treaty was an 1855 agreement between Siam and Britain that opened Siam to free trade, granted extraterritorial rights to British subjects, and marked a major turning point in the kingdom’s modernization and integration into the global economy.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.